中国留学之家，中国最优秀的留学咨询公司，全球顶尖大学申请专家！《2008考研英语考研冲刺试题解析》试卷二

洪福齐天 - 2008-4-24 8:47:00

全国硕士研究生入学考试英语冲刺试题Simulated Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates Model Test 5
Section Ⅰ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason 1 this is that there are more different ways of looking at things 2 in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements 3 interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. 4, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater 5 in mixed societies. All these factors tend to 6 social change by opening more areas of life to 7. In a simple-racial society, there are fewer 8 for people to see the need or the opportunity 9 change because everything seems to be the same. And 10 conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and 11.
Social change is also likely to occur more 12 and readily in the material aspects of the 13 than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in 14; in the less basic and emotional aspects of society than in their 15; in form rather than in 16; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in 17 elements.
Furthermore, social change is easier if it is 18. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous 19 rather than one with sharp differences. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other American minorities, because of the sharp difference between them and their white 20.
1. [A] of for [C] why [D] how
2. [A] present current [C] elapsed [D] emerged
3. [A] to on [C] in [D] with
4. [A] In contrast In brief [C] In reality [D] In addition
5. [A] variety capacity [C] tolerance [D] endurance
6. [A] detain promote [C] enforce [D] hamper
7. [A] decision reflection [C] meditation [D] contemplation
8. [A] conversions premises [C] occasions [D] motives
9. [A] in to [C] at [D] for
10. [A] as if [C] when [D] though
11. [A] undisturbed undisputed [C] undisguised [D] unchanged
12. [A] frequently radically [C] routinely [D] sensibly
13. [A] community authenticity [C] culture [D] structure
14. [A] features values [C] notions [D] qualities
15. [A] techniques components [C] opponents [D] opposites
16. [A] substance consequence [C] competence [D] significance
17. [A] distinct obsolete [C] strange [D] ordinary
18. [A] rational gradua [C] irresistible [D] indispensable
19. [A] flow trend [C] array [D] scale
20. [A] counterparts inhabitants [C] colleagues [D] contemporaries
Section　Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text1
In order to understand childhood today, one must explore its history, an odd notion in many who instinctively assume that childhood as we know it has always existed. In The Disappearance of Childhood, social critic Nell Postman constructs a socio-historical context by which to view childhood. He begins his analysis by differentiating the biological basis for the notion of childhood from the sociological. It is clear, he argues, that we can categorize as “children” those members of society below a certain age or level of physical maturity. But what is not so obvious is the notion that childhood can also be defined as a state of life in which the social development and intellectual awareness of society’s young is markedly different from that of the rest of the community. Based on this perspective, Postman argues that childhood can be viewed as a social construction, one that finds favor and prominence in some cultures and time periods, but not in others. In his analysis, Postman concludes that today, childhood is not merely evolving, but is in fact in danger of extinction.
According to Postman, medieval Europeans perceived no clear distinction between children and adults. Since the idea that secrets could or should be kept from children was unheard of, children inhabited the same social and intellectual environment as adults. Community life was an “open book”, so to speak, accessible not just to adults but to the youth of society as well. The invention of the printing press in the fifteenth century, Postman argues, made possible a new symbolic world accessible only to adults. Effectively excluded from adult matters by their inability to read, children formed a new sphere all their own as a new and strenuous educational process separated the preliterate world of the child from the literate world of the adult. According to this new stratification (division), distinct childhood customs on one hand and realms of experience and knowledge accessible only to adults on the other came into being.
Postman asserts that this separation existed until roughly the middle of the twentieth century, when television began its assault on literary culture and, through ubiquitous (omnipresent) entertainment and news programs, started to bring the entire population back into the same symbolic domain. Postman contends that much like in the Middle Ages, children today are becoming “mini adults” in terms of dress, speech, food, activities, and general knowledge of the world. Moreover, this is not a one-0way process, but rather a convergence (junction) whereby the child becomes more adult-like and the adult becomes more child-like. Postman does not shy away from a major implication of his theory: that the disappearance of the child signifies the disappearance of the adult.
21. The author mentions “an odd notion” (Par. 1) primarily in order to
［A］ emphasize the unusual theme of Postman’s theory.
［B］ discount in advance opposition to Postman’s theory.
［C］ indicate the controversial subject of Postman’s theory.
［D］ illustrate Postman’s theory in a socio-historic context.
22. It can be inferred from the text that medieval children
［A］ kept secrets from their parents.
［B］ had the same social status as adults.
［C］ were unsegregated from adult matters.
［D］ were informed of all forms of mystery.
23. According to Postman, a true division of childhood and adult spheres features
［A］ the dawn of the information time.
［B］ the period prior to the Middle Ages.
［C］ the mid-twentieth century to the present.
［D］ the fifteenth century to the mid-twentieth.
24. Postman primarily implies in his theory that
［A］ children mature much earlier than before.
［B］ adults are increasingly becoming childish.
［C］ modern media spur children into fast growth.
［D］ adulthood and childhood vanish simultaneously.
25. The phrasal verb “shy away from” at the end of the text probably means
［A］ discard. ［B］ evade.
［C］ be nervous about. ［D］ be hesitant about.
Text2
Gross national product (GNP) was created to assess the national capacity of wartime production during World War Ⅱ. Since then its heir, gross domestic product (GDP), has become virtually synonymous with economic progress. However, some economists have recent argued that GDP was never intended to function as an indicator of societal well-being, and that an overreliance on this figure as a comprehensive measure of the country’s “prosperity” is both simplistic and misleading.
GDP critics assert that as a simple gross record of money spent, GDP does not distinguish between transactions that increase society’s health and those that diminish it. For example, a nationwide increase in heart disease causes money to flow into the medical industry, sending GDP higher in response to a decrease in social welfare. Even a downward spiral of societal detriments (harm) can boost GDP, often to the general applause of the economic establishment. Take, for example, the consequences of traffic. By itself traffic is a societal menace, yet it both results from and contributes to economic growth. The more traffic, the more gas is consumed, which causes GDP to increase. As traffic increases, so too does pollution, triggering environmental protection responses which also contribute to GDP. Increased pollution results in more people admitted to hospitals with respiratory problems such as asthma and bronchitis. Meanwhile, the increased traffic takes its toll on the roads, which causes additional damage to cars, resulting in even more money spent on road and car repairs.
While one major flaw of GDP is that it equates societal detriments with growth as long as money changes hands, there is another problem with this indicator: the numerous nonmonetary factors not included in GDP that should be represented by an indicator to reflect the nation’s economic status. For example, while by all accounts childrearing efforts are considered of vital importance to the current and future health of society, they are not factored into GDP unless performed in a paid service capacity. Conversely, the widening income gap, increasing debt, and the degradation of natural resources all negatively affect our economic reality, but are not recognized by GDP as costs.
In order to arrive at a more accurate picture of economic progress, some have proposed that GDP be replaced by a new measurement called the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). GPI is influenced positively by household and volunteer work, and negatively by factors such as pollution, crime, illness and family breakdown. GDP not only ignores the costs of such detriments, it ultimately represents them as gains in the form of money spent on measures to combat them. Taking such variables into account, it is not surprising that GPI often tells a different story than does GDP. For example, in cases where GDP numbers have suggested a robust and growing economy, GPI figures from the same periods have often indicated dramatic decreases in social and environmental capital.
26. The text commences with the claim that GDP is
［A］ the upgraded variety of GNP.
［B］ the direct descendant of GNP.
［C］ the true indicator of economic growth.
［D］ the sound judgment of national economy.
27. According to the critics, GDP
［A］ presents false prosperity.［B］ consists of unreal statistics.
［C］ comprises fabricated information.［D］ fails to describe economic reality.
28. The phrase “takes its toll on” (at the end of Par. 2) probably means
［A］ makes vehicles overfilled on.［B］ meets payment for the use of.
［C］ generates greater revenue for.［D］ results in a lot of damage.
29. The text is written primarily to
［A］ profile a group critical of an economic statistic.
［B］ analyze statistics to decide the economic health.
［C］ describe an alternative to an economic indicator.
［D］ present and evaluate economic trends since 1945.
30. The author mentions GDP and GPI figures in support of the claim that
［A］ GPI is influenced positively by volunteer work.
［B］ GDP comprises a general record of money spent.
［C］ GPI is the most reasonable modification of GDP.
［D］ GDP is inferior to GPI in depicting economic reality.
Text3
We sometimes hear that essays are an old-fashioned form ,that so-and-o is the“last essayist”, but the facts of the marketplace argue quite otherwise. Essays of nearly any kind are so much easier than short stories for a writer to sell, so many more see print, it’s strange that though two fine anthologies(collections)remain that publish the year’s best stories, no comparable collection exists for essays. Such changes in the reading public’s taste aren’t always to the good, needless to say. The art of telling stories predated even cave painting, surely; and if we ever find ourselves living in caves again, it(with painting and drumming)will be the only art left, after movies, novels, photography, essays, biography, and all the rest have gone down the drain—the art to build from.
Essays, however, hang somewhere on a line between two sturdy poles: this is what I think, and this is what I am .Autobiographies which aren’t novels are generally extended essays, indeed. A personal essay is like the human voice talking, its order being the mind’s natural flow, instead of a systematized outline of ideas. Though more changeable or informal than an article or treatise, somewhere it contains a point which is its real center, even if the point couldn’t be uttered in fewer words than the essayist has used. Essays don’t usually boil down to a summary, as articles do, and the style of the writer has a “nap” to it, a combination of personality and originality and energetic loose ends that stand up like the nap(绒毛)on a piece of wool and can’t be brushed flat. Essays belong to the animal kingdom, with a surface that generates sparks, like a coat of fur, compared with the flat, conventional cotton of the magazine article writer, who works in the vegetable kingdom, I nstead. But, essays, on the other hand, may have fewer “levels” than fiction, because we are not supposed to argue much about their meaning. In the old distinction between teaching and storytelling, the essayist, however cleverly he tries to conceal his intentions, is a bit of a teacher or reformer, and an essay is intended to convey the same point to each of us.
An essayist doesn’t have to tell the whole truth and nothing but the truth; he can shape or shave his memories, as long as the purpose is served of explaining a truthful point. A personal essay frequently is not autobiographical at all, but what it does keep in common with autobiography is that, through its tone and tumbling progression, it conveys the quality of the author’s mind. Nothing gets in the way. Because essays are directly concerned with the mind and the mind’s peculiarity, the very freedom the mind possesses is conferred on this branch of literature that does honor to it, and the fascination of the mind is the fascination of the essay.
31. The author asserts that the changes in readers’taste
［A］ contribute to the incompatibility of essays with stories.
［B］ often result in unfavorable effect, to say the least.
［C］ sometimes come to something undesirable, of course.
［D］ usually bring about beneficial outcome, so to say.
32. The author suggests that if the Stone Age should come up again
［A］ the art of essay-writing would lose its foundation.
［B］ the art and literature would most totally vanish.
［C］ the art of story-telling would remain in caves alone.
［D］ the life of art would be thoroughly drained away.
33. Essays are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
［A］ careful arrangement and organization of chief ideas.
［B］ remarkable concision and meaningful presentation.
［C］ improbable condensation to any shorter accounts.
［D］ flashes of wit and enlightenment of argumentation.
34. What chiefly distinguishes essays from articles may be in
［A］ the different amount of words used in representation.
［B］ the acute sensibility and keen insight of essayists.
［C］ the distinction between animal and vegetable worlds.
［D］ the variation of arguments about their meanings.
35. The essayists’main task seems to be
［A］ the implied revelation and description of the truth.
［B］ the free depiction and modification of their memories.
［C］ the frank confession of what is concealed in their mind.
［D］ the communication of their striking thoughts to readers.
Text4
In a representative democracy, legislatures exist to represent the public and to ensure that public issues are efficiently addressed by a group representative of the population as a whole. It is often written that a legislator confronts a moral dilemma if, on a given issue upon which he must cast a vote, his view is decidedly different from that of the majority of his constituents. In such a circumstance, it is not clear whether voting citizens have chosen the legislator because of their faith in his personal judgment or whether they have elected him in order to give direct effect to their own views.
But this dilemma is more apparent than real. A truly identifiable conflict between the legislator’s opinion and that of his constituency is rare, because the legislator is usually better informed than the public on the issue in question and his opinion, therefore, cannot fairly be compared to theirs. Indeed, this fact underlines the legislator’s most important function: to gather broad-based information in order to make more considered decisions than each citizen could reach individually and thus to serve the public interest better than the public could do on its own.
Let us suppose that a legislator opposes a very popular proposed public works project because he has studied its financial consequences and believes, over the long run, it is financially unsound. If the legislator’s constituents eagerly support the project, not having studied the relevant financial data, it is entirely too simplistic to view the legislator as having to confront a moral dilemma. The truth is that the legislator does not know how his constituents would view the project if they truly understood its financial consequences, and thus, he cannot actually conclude that his view differs from that of his constituents.
The legislator’s job is first to study the short-range and long-range goals of the people he represents, without confusing these with his own. Then, using his knowledge and judgment, he is to promote the electorate’s goals as he understands them. Consider, for instance, a legislator whose constituents wish to maintain the rural character of their district. If the legislator himself dislikes rural living and he believes an industrial environment would offer greater benefit to the community than a rural environment, he must separate these viewpoints from his professional judgment. He is not to promote industrialization because he personally favors it.
However, if the legislator’s considered opinion is that his district needs to sponsor some industrial development in order to maintain its overall agricultural character, it is his duty to promote the industrial development, even if his constituents oppose it. So long as he honestly attempts to serve his electorate’s objectives, the legislator should stand firm against the expressed opinion of his own constituents.
36. The author’s purpose in the first paragraph is to
[A] explain the basic requirements for legislative issues.
point out a possible moral dilemma facing a legislator.
[C] hint the clash between legislation and public concerns.
[D] show the disparity between legislators and constituents.
37. The second paragraph indicates that a legislator’s dilemma is
[A] more obvious than an actual one.
more easily identified in reality.
[C] plainer than its real existence.
[D] hardly so factual as it seems.
38. The disagreement between a legislator and his constituents
[A] causes a moral problem merely in a democracy.
usually reflects a debate about long-term goals.
[C] barely creates a moral dilemma in most cases.
[D] arises only when constituents are ill informed.
39. The author implies that a legislator should
[A] best serve his constituents anyhow.
evaluate his electorate’s complaints.
[C] embody the public interests forever.
[D] follow his constituents’intentions.
40. The legislator who promotes industrialization of the rural district
[A] fails to understand the requirements of the region.
advances his agenda at the cost of that of his voters.
[C] ignores the crucial issue of the community he represents.
[D] carries through the common views of his constituents.
Part B
Directions:
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about guidelines for establishing a roadblock. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41～45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
［A］ How to provide police for the roadblock?
［B］ Never hinder smooth traffic.
［C］ The way to check the suspects.
［D］ Keep roadblocks producing intended results.
［E］ Questioning is compulsory for all drivers.
［F］Rules for roadblock positioning.
The Advisory Committee of the State Police has issued the following guidelines for establishing a roadblock in order to identify and arrest drunk drivers.
41.
The roadblock must be established in a location that affords motorists a clear view of the stop. It cannot be established, for example, just over a hill or around a curve. Motorists must be able to see that a roadblock is ahead and that cars are being stopped.
42.
A roadblock must display visible signs of police authority. Therefore, uniformed officers in marked petrol cars should primarily staff the roadblock. Plain-clothes officers may supplement the staff at a roadblock, but the initial stop and questioning motorists should be conducted by uniformed officers. In addition to the officers conducting the motorist stops, officers should be present to conduct field sobriety tests on suspect drivers. A command observation officer must also be present to coordinate the roadblock.
43.
All cars passing through the roadblock must be stopped. It should not appear to an approaching motorist that cars are being singled out for some reason while others are not stopped, as this will generate unnecessary fear on the part of the motorist. The observation vehicle which is present at the roadblock will be able to pursue any motorists that refuse to stop.
44.
Each motorist stopped by the roadblock should be questioned only briefly. In most cases, an officer should ask directly if the driver has been drinking. In suspicious cases, an officer may engage in some further questioning to allow her or him to evaluate the driver’s sobriety. A driver who appears to have been drinking should be directed to the side of the road, out of the line of traffic, where other officers may conduct a field sobriety test. Each non-suspicious driver should be stopped only briefly, for approximately a minute or less.
45.
No drunk-driving roadblock should be in operation for more than two hours. Roadblocks in place for longer periods lose their effectiveness as word spreads as to the location of the roadblock, and motorists who have been drinking will avoid the area. In addition, on average only about one percent of all the drivers who pass through a roadblock will be arrested for drunk-driving, and, after a short period of time, officers can used more efficiently elsewhere.
A roadblock may only be established for a single purpose—in this case, detecting drunk drivers—and should not be seen as an opportunity to check for a variety of motorist offenses. However, officers are not required to ignore what is plainly obvious. For example, motorists and passengers who are not wearing seat belts should be verbally warned that failure to do so is against the law. Detaining and ticketing such drivers is not the purpose of the roadblock and would unduly slow down the stops of other cars. An officer who spots a situation that presents a clear and present danger should follow through by directing the motorist to the side of the road where the officers are conducting field sobriety tests. These officers can then follow through on investigating the driver for crimes other than drunk-driving.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
Our world of the mid-1990s faces potentially bursting change. The question is in what direction will it take us?46)Will the change come from worldwide initiatives that reverse the degradation of the planet and restore hope for the future, or will it come from continuing environmental deterioration that leads to economic decline and social instability?
There is no precedent for the rapid substantial change we need to make.47)Building an environmentally sustainable future depends on restructuring the global economy, major shifts in human reproductive behavior, and dramatic changes in values and lifestyles. Doing all this quickly adds up to a revolution that is driven and defined by the need to restore the earth’s environmental systems. If this Environmental Revolution succeeds, it will rank with the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions as one of the great economic and social transformations in human history.
Like the Agricultural Revolution, it will dramatically alter population trends.48)While the former set the stage for enormous increases in human numbers, this revolution will succeed only if it stabilizes human population size, reestablishing a balance between people and natural system on which they depend. In contrast to the Industrial Revolution, which was based on a shift to fossil fuels, this new transformation will be based on a shift away from fossil fuels.
49)The two earlier revolutions were driven by technological advances—the first by the discovery of farming and the second by the invention of the steam engine, which converted the energy in coal into mechanical power. The Environmental Revolution, while it will obviously need new technologies, will be driven primarily by the restructuring of the global economy so that it does not destroy its natural support system.
The pace of the Environmental Revolution needs to be far faster than that of its predecessors. The Agricultural Revolution began some 10,000 years ago, and the Industrial Revolution has been under way for about two centuries. But if the Environmental Revolution is to succeed, it must be compressed into a few decades. Progress in the Agricultural Revolution was measured almost exclusively in the growth in food output that eventually enabled farmers to produce a surplus that could feed city dwellers. Similarly, industrial progress was gained by success in expanding the output of raw materials and manufactured goods.50)The Environmental Revolution will be judged by whether it can shift the world economy into an environmentally sustainable development path, one that leads to greater economic security, healthier lifestyles, and a worldwide improvement in the human condition.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a notice, looking for your missing mobile phone.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.
Do not write the address. (10 pionts)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should
1) describe the picture,
2) analyze the causes of the problem, and
3) propose possible solutions.
答案与解析：
Model Test 5
Section Ⅰ Use of English
1. ［答案］ \[B\] for
［解析］名词“reason”之后常接介词for，或连词why。此处应选［B］for。其后的this(指上句内容)是for的宾语。切不可将“this is”误看作从句而选［C］why。
2. ［答案］ \[A\] present
［解析］形容词“present”作“出现／存在的”解时通常置于被修饰语之后，符合此句结构与句意，为当然选项。
［B］“现在的；目前的”，在此义上与present同义，但通常置于被修饰语之前；［C］“消逝的”，［D］“显现／露的”，皆不合句意。
3. ［答案］ \[C\] in
［解析］ “disagreement”后可接多个介词：about, on, over, as to sth.(在／对……问题上的分歧；with(与……的争吵)；between, among(……之间／当中的纷争)；in(在……方面的不同／分歧)。根据搭配与句意，应选［C］。
4. ［答案］ \[D\] in addition
［解析］前两句指出，在多种族社会里，人们对事物有多种不同的看法，有多种思想，有不同的兴趣，有多种不同的信仰。此句进一步说明，在多文化的社会里人们有种多样的世俗兴趣，因而也有较多的宽容。由此判断，此处应为表示进一步说明的插入语，故答案非［D］“此外”莫属。其余三项不合句意逻辑。
5. ［答案］ \[C\] tolerance
［解析］由上题解析可知，［C］“宽容”为此题的正确答案，表示不同文化背景的人们可互相理解，和谐共处。
［A］“多样”，［B］“容量”，［D］“忍耐力”，均不合句意需要。
6. ［答案］ \[B\] promote
［解析］据此文开头的主题句判断，这里需要一正面意义的动词，因而［A］“阻挡”和［D］“阻碍”可首先排除。其余两项虽有正面意义，但［B］“促进”更合文意逻辑。
［C］“加强”不合逻辑。
7. ［答案］ \[A\] decision
［解析］据整句判断，此处选用［A］“抉择”符合句意逻辑，即“所有这些因素开辟更多的生活领域供人们选择，从而促进社会变革”。
［B］“思考”，［C］“冥想”，［D］“沉思”，皆与句意相去甚远。
8. ［答案］ \[C\] occasions
［解析］此句与上句对照，说明单一种族社会变化较少的原因。［C］“理由；原因”用于此处最恰当。
［A］“转变”，［B］“前提”，［D］“动机”，均不适用。
9. ［答案］ \[D\] for
［解析］名词need和opportunity皆可后接介词for,故［D］为当然答案。它们也可后接不定式“to do sth.”，但其中的“to”并非介词，而是不定式的符号。
10. ［答案］ \[D\] though
［解析］ “And”之后为一主从句，从句谓语是否定式，主句谓语为肯定式，并有状语“at least”，因而这里需要一个表示转折或对照的连词。由此可知答案非［D］“虽然，尽管”莫属。
［A］表示原因，［B］表示条件，［C］表示时间，均不合要求。
11. ［答案］ \[B\] undisputed
［解析］此空所需之词与“customary”(习俗／惯的)并列，其词义应与此一致。［B］“广为接受的；不容置疑的”为当然之选。
［A］“未被触动的”，［C］“坦诚的”，［D］“不变的”，皆与句意不符。
12. ［答案］ \[A\] frequently
［解析］这里所需之词与“readily”(快捷地；容易地)并列，两者在语意逻辑上应保持一致，故［A］“经／时常”为所需选项。
［B］“彻底地；根本地”，［C］“常规地；例行地”，［D］“合理地；切合实际地”，均不可取。
13. ［答案］ \[C\] culture
［解析］据此空的上下文看，所需之词的内涵既有“material aspects”(物质方面)，亦有“nonmaterial (aspects)”(非物质方面)。由此可见，［C］“文化”最恰当。
［A］“社区”，［B］“真实性”，［D］“结构”，皆不适用。
14. ［答案］ \[B\] values
［解析］据整句判断，此处所需之词应指非物质方面，且属文化范畴，故［B］“价值观”为唯一正确答案。
［A］“特征”，［C］“概／观念”，［D］“质量；品质”，均与句意无关。
15. ［答案］ \[D\] opposites
［解析］由“less... than...”可知，此题的答案应与“社会的基本感情方面”相对，在四选项中，只有［D］“对立面”，即与前者相对的各方面，最恰当。
［A］“技术”，［B］“组成部分”，［C］“反对者”，皆不可取。
16. ［答案］ \[A\] substance
［解析］ “rather than”表明此空所需之词应与“form”(形式)相对，故只有［A］“实质”符合需要。
［B］“结果”，［C］“能力”，［D］“重要性／意义”，均不合要求。
17. ［答案］ \[C\] strange
［解析］与上题类似，这里所需之词应与“该文化可接受的成分”相对。［C］“陌生的”堪当此任。
［A］“不同的”，［B］“过时的”，［D］“普通的”，皆不适用。
18. ［答案］ \[B\] gradual
［解析］据下句中的“continuous”(持续的)和“sharp differences”(急剧变化)判断，［B］“渐进的”恰合文意。
［A］“合理的”，［C］“不可抗拒的”，［D］“必不可少的”，均不合文意。
19. ［答案］ \[D\] scale
［解析］据上题分析，［D］“规模；程度”符合句意。
［A］“流动”，［B］“趋势”，［C］“排列”皆不可取。
20. ［答案］ \[A\] counterparts
［解析］此空与“them”(指Black Americans)并列，故［A］“对应的人”，即white Americans, 用在此处最恰当。
［B］“居民”，［C］“同事”，［D］“同代人”，均无黑人、白人之分。
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
21. A［解析］an odd notion(一种奇怪的想法)在此文起始句中为省略了“，which is”的非限制性定语从句，说明其前的整句：“要了解现代的童年，就必须探究它的历史”，而此句正是Postman理论的主题。因此可以确定，A项“强调Postman理论独特的主题”是使用此短语的目的。
B项“预先削弱反对Postman理论的意见”，C项“表明Postman理论的主题有争议”，D项“在社会历史背景下说明Postman的理论”，皆不可取。
22. C ［解析］medieval(中世纪) children出现在第2段前半部。该部分表明，中世纪欧洲人认为儿童与成年人并无明显差别，他们与成人生活在同样的社会和智力环境之中。由此可知，C项“未与成人的事物隔离”是恰当的推断。
A项“对父母保密”，B项“与成年人有同等身份”，D项“获知各种秘密”，均有悖文意。
23. D［解析］ Postman在第2段后半部说，15世纪印刷机的发明，将不识字的儿童与有文化的成年人分隔开来，于是儿童形成了自己的sphere(圈子)；在第3段说，这种分隔一直持续到20世纪中叶，那时电视的出现又把全民带回共同的符号领域。可见此题答案非D项“15世纪到20世纪中期”莫属。
A项“信息时代的开端”，B项“中世纪之前的时期”，C项“20世纪中期到现在”，均不正确。
24. D［解析］题干表明，此题出自文章的末句：Postman并不shy away from(回避)其理论的主要暗示:儿童的消失标志着成人的消失。可见D项“成年与童年同时消失”，是当然之选。
A项“儿童比从前成熟早得多”，B项“成年人日益童稚化”，C项“现代媒体促使儿童快速成长”，皆非“主要暗示”。
25. B［解析］参见上题解析，答案当然是B项“回避”。
A项“抛弃”，C项“对……感到忧虑”，D项“对……感到犹豫”，均不正确。
26. B［解析］文章开头(commences)第1、2句说，GNP(国民生产总值)始于第二次世界大战时期。此后，its heir, GDP(它的继承者——国内生产总值)便成了经济增长的同义语。据此，B项“GNP的嫡系后裔”是正确选项。
A项“GNP的升级变种”，C项“经济增长的真实指标”，D项“对国民经济的正确判断”，皆与句义不符。
27. D［解析］ critics(批评家们)的意见出现在第2段：GDP只计算花掉的钱，而不区别增加与减少社会医疗开支间的差异。例如，车辆越多，消费的汽油越多，使GDP增长，但造成的环境污染越严重，导致更多的人患respiratory problems(呼吸道疾病)，结果治理污染的开支增加，人们看病的支出增加，同样造成GDP增长。据此审视各选项，D项“不能描述实际的经济情况”符合题意。
A项“显示虚假的繁荣”，B项“由不真实的统计数据构成”，C项“含有伪造的资料”，均不恰当。
28. D［解析］ “take its toll on (sb./sth.)”是一惯用短语，意为have a bad effect on(产生恶果)；cause a lot of damage/deaths/suffering, etc. to(造成大量破坏/伤亡/灾难等)。因此，答案非D项莫属。
A项“使车辆过分拥挤”，B项“付(道路)使用费”，C项“产生更多收入”，皆非此短语之意。
29. C［解析］此文起始段明确指出，过于依赖GDP来衡量国家的繁荣，不仅过于简单化，而且会产生误导。第2段分析了GDP的具体缺陷。第3段总结说，GDP不仅将social detriments(社会损失)算作经济增长，而且未包括非货币经济因素。最后一段提出了取代GDP的更精确的新计量法GPI，道出了此文的最终意图。据此，正确答案非C项“描述一可替换的经济指标”莫属。
A项“概述一组重要经济统计数据”，B项“分析统计数据以确定经济发展状况”，D项“描述、评价1945年以来的经济发展趋势”，皆未体现此文的写作目的。
30. D［解析］此题显然是针对文章末段。该段表明，GPI明确区分对经济发展的正面影响因素和负面影响因素，从而比GDP更准确地反映经济的真实状况。因此，D项“GDP不如GPI能描述经济实际情况”为最佳答案。
A项“GPI将义工产值计算在内”，B项“GDP包括货币支出的全部记录”，C项“GPI是GDP最合理的修正版”，均未反映末段总的文意。
31. C［解析］题干中的readers taste(读者的爱好/兴趣)出现在第1段第3句。句中的reading public=readers;needless to say=of course;as was to be expected(当然；不用说)；arent always to the good意为“不会总是有好的结果”。据此可知，C项可取。
A项的incompatibility(不相容)过于严重。B项中to say the least:without saying more;without exaggeration(至少可以这样说；不夸张地说)，不合句意。D项与句意相反，其中so to say/speak意为“可以说；打比方说”。
32. B［解析］题干中的Stone Age(石器时代)表明此题出自第1段第4句，因为人类在石器时代居住在cave(洞穴)中，句末的have gone down the drain直义是“进了下水道”，转义为“浪费掉；化为乌有”。由此可见，B项符合此意。
A、C两项不合句意。D项的drain away意为“排出；逐渐消耗掉”，亦不可取。
33. A［解析］题干中的EXCEPT表明要求我们选择不是散文特点的选项。第2段第3句说，散文就如人在说话，其内容顺序就是其思想的自然流露，而非思想见解的系统概述。A项说法显然与此不符，为应选答案。
B、C两项符合第4句后半部分句意。D项转述了第5句以下内容的含义：散文是a combination of personality and originality(个性与创见的结合)；犹如动物的皮毛一样能generates sparks(产生火花)；散文作家有点像教师或改革者。故此项亦不可选。
34. B［解析］此题的依据看来与上题D项相同。据此，B项可取，因为其中的acute sensibility(敏锐的感觉力)和keen insight(锐利的洞察力)都是上述内容的合理推论。
A项与第2段第4句所指并非同一事物。C项未如文中那样说明有何种distinction。D项出自第2段第7句，用于此处不合题意。
35. D［解析］ A项与末段第1句相悖。B项depiction and modification(描述和修改)不同于该句中的shape or shave(调整或修整)，而且不是主要任务。C项中的frank confession(坦率表白)与上段末句意思不符。末段第2、3句说，个人叙怀散文表达作者的思想精髓，因为散文的任务就是直接表达思想和思想特质。D项恰合此意，为应选答案，其中striking意为“引人注意的；引起极大兴趣的”。
36. B［解析］第1段的主旨体现在第2句：常有人写道，如果一位立法委员与其选民对某一问题看法明显不同，而他必须对该问题投票表决时，他就会面临道义上左右为难的困境。据此判断，B项“指出立法委员可能面临的道义困境”表达了此段目的。
A项“说明立法问题的基本必备条件”，C项“暗示立法与公众利益之间的冲突”，D项“表明立法委员与选民的分歧”，均与此段主旨相左。
37. D［解析］第2段第1句指出，立法委员的这种困境与其说是真实的，不如说是貌似的。由此可知，D项“并不象它看上去那么真实”符合句意。
A项“比实际困境更显而易见”，B项“在现实中更易于发现”，C项“比其实际情况更明显”皆是句意的曲解。
38. C［解析］由题干中的“disagreement”可知，此题的线索在第2段第2句：立法委员与其选民真正明显的意见分歧是很少见的，因为立法委员对所讨论的问题比公众了解得更清楚。据此判断，C项“在多数情况下不会造成道义上的困境”与文意一致。
A项“只有在民主国家才会导致道义问题”，B项“通常反映有关长期目标的争论”，D项“仅在选民们对问题了解甚少时才会出现”，均不合文意。
39. A［解析］关于立法委员应做之事，第4段说，立法委员的职责首先是研究他所代表选民的近期和长期目标，然后他应运用自己的知识和判断力推进选民的目标。如果一位立法委员不喜欢农业生活环境并认为工业环境对社区更有利，但选民们却希望保持当地的农业特点，他就不应因个人的爱好而推行工业化。但是，若开发工业是为了保持该地区的总体农业特点，他就应推动工业开发。由此判断，A项“无论如何要最好地为其选民服务”为合理推论。
B项“评估其选民不满的原因”，C项“永远代表公众的利益”，D项“遵循其选民的意愿”，皆与文意有出入。
40. B［解析］由题干可知，此题的相关信息在末段：如果该立法委员经过深思熟虑，认为他代表的地区需要开发工业以保持其总体农业特点，尽管选民反对，他也应推动工业开发。只要他诚心诚意地为选民的目标服务，他就应坚定不移地面对其选民表达的反对意见。由此判断，B项“不接受选民意见而推行自己的计划”与文意一致。
A项“不了解该地区的需要”，C项“忽视他所代表社区的关键问题”，D项“将其选民的共同意愿付诸实施”，均与文意相左。
36. D［解析］由第1段可知，作者认为restorationist (恢复／修复主义者／的)对 preservationism (保护主义)的accusation(指责)缺乏证据。D项unfounded(无事实根据的)体现了作者的意见。此段中 dualism:二元论； mindset:思想模式。
37. C［解析］此题要求说明第1段在整篇文章中所起的作用。通读全文可知，文章由批驳 restorationist 对 preservationism 的批评入手，进而以主要篇幅分析了 restorationist 的主张和理论及其与 dominationist (统治／支配主义者／的)实际相似处(parallel),即认为人类是自然界的统治核心。它们的区别在于：关于人类对自然界的作用，统治主义者认为是“征服(conquest)”，恢复主义者则看作是“医治，拯救(healing)”。实际上，此文讨论次要问题作为研讨主要问题的序幕，故C最为恰当。
A项“为后面关于人类在自然界的作用的争论确定parameters(范围)”。B项“确定争论的问题范围，然后进行仔细探讨”。D项“为公众关心的当代问题提供历史背景”。这三项皆不适合此文情况。
38. A［解析］由题干中引语可知，此题出自第3段，但从选项内容看，要联系到上一段。上段说，恢复主义理论主张一种community participation (共同参与)模式，但其代表人物 Jordan 和 Turner 却把人类说成是“the lords of creation”(万物主宰)，或“生物界的命运与生存最终取决于我们……。”这显然与生物界共同参与的模式不一致，但与第3段中 holistic model (整体主义模式)，即把自然界看作是一个 organism (有机体)，更为接近(见第3段末句)。故A项应为正确选择，其中dash with:与……抵触。
B项说法与文章内容相悖。C项中的 agree with使其背离文意。D项 dualist model (二元论模式)不在此段涉及的范围之内。
39. D［解析］由第2、3段内容可知，D项符合此题要求。
A项是 restorationists 和 dominationists 的共同问题。B项中的 most workable model (最切实可行的模式)文中未提。C项只是第1段中提到的 critique (批评)，而非作者的 primary criticism (最主要的批评)。
40. C［解析］题中 except 表明是反向问题，要求找出 restorationists 和 dominationists 两者的共同点。由末段第3、4句内容可知，C项答案可取。
末段第8句至末句是两者的 differences, A、B、D各项皆可从中找到依据。
Part B
41. ［答案］ F
［解析］如TⅠ中所述,这种题型的特点是:文章完整,各段顺序正常,仅要求考生从A—F选项中,选择5个适当的标题或概括语,分别填入41~45空白处。
通读全文可知，此文内容是介绍美国警察顾问委员会发布的关于设置路障，检查酒后驾车者的Guidelines(指导原则；规定)。
此段内容是关于roadblock(路障)设置的位置。F项的positioning(安置；使处于〈某位置〉)恰合此段意思。
42. ［答案］ A
［解析］此段主要讲staff the roadblock(为路障配备人员)。A项的provide police for=staff,堪当此段之heading。
本段词汇：uniformed:穿制服的；plainclothes:穿便服的；便衣的；field sobriety tests: 现场清醒度检验。
43. ［答案］ E
［解析］此段说，经过路障的所有汽车都必须停车，接受盘问；不停车者，警车要追踪。由此可见，这种停车盘问是compulsory(强制性的)，故E项是此段的恰当概括。
44. ［答案］ B
［解析］此段要求盘问要简短，不得超过1分钟；需要测验的可疑司机，须将车停在行车线以外的路边。B项“不可妨碍交通顺畅”，体现了这些规定的用意，为此段的恰当标题。
45. ［答案］ D
［解析］此段规定，路障要时常变换地点，以免酒后驾车者得知后逃避检查。D项“要使路障产生预期的效果”，即指文中的effectiveness(有效性)，恰好标示此段。
Part C
46. ［答案］这种变化会来自要彻底扭转地球贫困化趋势、恢复未来希望的全球性进取心呢，还是由环境的不断恶化导致经济衰退和社会动荡所引发？
［解析］这是并列复合句，每一分句中都带有一个限制性定语从句。须说明的是1)come from意为“来自；出/产生”，译文中做不同处理，以使文字有变化。2)degradation本义为“降级，下降”，考虑到文意，这里译成了“贫困化”，“趋势”二字是为配合reverse(翻/扭转)而加上去的。3)第2个that从句未译作前置定语，而译成了“由……所引发”，使译文更明了、通顺。
47. ［答案］要缔造一个环境能持续支撑的未来，就必须调整世界经济，大力转变人类的繁衍行为，并根本改变价值观和生活方式。
［解析］此句虽是一简单句，但depends on后面的3个动名词或动词性名词短语，都相当于宾语从句，因而译成从句更加清楚、明白；与此相配合，将…depends on…译为“要……，就必须……”。
48. ［答案］农业革命为人口的大量增长准备了条件，而环境革命要获得成功，只有稳定住人口的规模，重建人类与其赖以生存的自然世界之间的协调关系。
［解析］ 1)while句中的the former据上文看，应指the Agricultural Revolution,主句中的this revolution应指Environmental Revolution,译文中应表现出来。2)set the stage for意为make the necessary preparations for(为……作必要的准备/铺平了道路)。3)only if是强调式条件状语从句，可译在主句之前，意为“只有……，……才能……”，亦可译在主句之后“要……，只有……”。本译文采用后者，因为使两个revolution紧紧相邻更能突出其对照性。
49. ［答案］前两次革命(即农业革命和工业革命)都是由技术的进步推动的：第一次是因为发现了农事，第二次是由于发明了蒸汽机，它能把煤里的能量转化成机械动力。
［解析］这是简单句，破折号后的两个短语是对driven by…的进一步注解，只是后一短语带有一定语从句。要说明的是：1)The two earlier revolutions指“农业革命和工业革命”，这里之所以用括号注释的办法表达，是因为后面有the first,the second与the two相呼应。2)farming这里译作“农事”，因为它包括种植、畜牧、养殖等。3)which引入之非限制性定语从句，修饰steam engine,分译时，勿忘在其前重复先行词，或加上指代其先行词的词语，如“它”，“这种机器”等。
50. ［答案］评价环境革命的标准就是看它能否使世界经济转变到在环境上可持续发展的道路上，亦即使经济有更大保障、使生活方式更加健康、使全球人类生活状况普遍改善的发展道路。
［解析］此句结构是“主句+whether引导的宾语从句+one(path的同位语)+that(one的定语从句)”。要说明的是：1)be judged by(由……评定/裁决)是被动语态，译文改作主动，增加了“标准”等词。2)将one that…译作“亦即……的发展道路”；leads to…译成3个“动宾”短语，既简练又表达原意。
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51.［参考样文］
Lost
A 90% new mobile phone of Nokia 3608 with color screen and silver gray case was found missing yesterday(Friday,Nov.12).On the back of the phone case are carved my initials “LM”.
Possibly I left it in the Reading Room 2 of our college library,where I was writing my papers yesterday morning,or maybe I dropped it in the Post Office on campus when I mailed a parcel in the afternoon.
Anyone who found it,or has information about it,is requested to contact me at XXXX XXXX.The finder will be offered a handsome reward of gratitude on returning the phone.
Thank you for your attention to this notice.
Li Ming
Part B
52.［参考样文］
The picture presents a real traffic scene in which endless columns of vehicles have jammed the road,making movement impossible.Much valuable time is wasted and many important businesses are delayed in the helpless waiting for progress.Its no exaggeration to say that the inconvenience and losses caused by traffic jams are inestimable.
Traffic problem is an inescapable outcome of social and economical development,and therefore is common to most capital cities all over the world.The accelerated urbanization,the rapid increase of private cars,and the lag of road construction are responsible for traffic congestion.
As the traffic problem involves many factors,there is no single measure that can solve it once for all.For the present,realistic solutions may include:
To give priority to improving and developing masstransit system,both ground and underground;
To set up proper limits to private vehicles;
To perfect traffic regulations and management,and
To advocate bicycling or walking between home and office.
However,any successful resolution of the problem depends not so much on public concerns and appeals as on the initiative and determination of the local municipal administrations.
Model Test 5 重点阅读文章参考译文
Text 3
有时候我们听人说散文形式过时，某某是“最后的散文家”，不过图书市场却是另外一幅景象。几乎任何类别的散文都比短篇小说好卖，也更容易变成铅字。奇怪的是，市面上能找到两套精美的本年度最佳小说集，而同类的散文集却不见上市。不用说，公众口味的这个变化不见得就是好事。讲故事肯定比岩洞绘画出现得更早；如果我们退回岩洞生活时代，讲故事(绘画和击鼓)也许是硕果仅存的艺术形式，而电影、小说、摄影、散文、传记和其他艺术形式统统都不复存在了。
散文应该悬挂在两个坚固定点之间的连线上：一端是我怎样想的，另一端是我是谁。自传不是小说，它们通常延伸了散文。个人散文就像人类在说话，它不是系统化的思想表达，而是大脑思绪的真实反映。散文比文章和论文更富于变化、更自由，但它仍然有自己的中心，而这一中心只要散文家才能最简洁地表达出来。文章可以浓缩，而散文不能，其风格犹如一层绒毛，将作者的个性、独创性和充满激情的点点滴滴缀在散文上，如同毛衣上的绒毛，你无法将其刷平。散文属于动物王国，而杂志文章属于植物王国。散文能擦出火花，又像一件毛皮大衣，而文章就像一件普通的棉衣。另一方面，散文不像小说那样层峦起伏，那是因为我们不想过多地纠缠于意义。散文家虽极其巧妙地隐藏着自己的真实意图，不过，按照教学和讲故事的传统分野，他多少有点像个老师，像个变革者，用散文传达了我们共同的心声。
散文家并不受制于事实，也不需要将事实和盘托出，只要对阐述真实观点有利，他可以对记忆灵活变通。个人散文通常不是自传，不过，和自传一样，都借助格调和跌宕的情节发展，来表达作者的思想性。散文无拘无束，它跟思想或者思想的特性直接相连，正是借助了散文，思想的自由才得以舒展。因此，思想有多少魅力，散文就能多么迷人。

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