空手道 - 2008-8-1 12:58:00
1. 关于"se+verbe"cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
许多人认为英语中对应的应该是"verb+oneself"这个形式了，其实之间还是有不少差异的。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
首先，有些词在英语并不含有“自反”的含义。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Ÿ to avail oneself of profiter de cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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有些时候要用each other，当"se+verbe"表示“互相”这个含义:cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Ÿ They hate each other. Ils se haïssent. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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还有些法语代动词（verbes pronominaux）在英语中压根就没有“自反”的含义。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Ÿ to rejoice se réjouir cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Ÿ to notice s'apercevoir cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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等等...cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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2. 关于时态cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
英语中不靠助动词就能构成的时态只有两个: 一般现在时(le présent simple)和一般过去时(le preterite)。而法语中直陈式的一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、未完成过去时以及条件式、命令式、虚拟式的一般现在式都不用助动词即能构成。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
而与法语不同的是，第二人称单数在现代英语(langue courante)中已经不用了，但我们今天在很多诗集中还能读到它们。现将主要形式列于下方:cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
thou art, thou wast (BE) cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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thou hast, thou hadst (HAVE) cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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thou dost, thou didst (DO) cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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thou shalt, thou wilt (SHALL) cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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对于一般动词而言, 后缀为–st 或 –est (Thou playest.) cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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代词: 主语 thou, 宾语 thee, 自反 thyself. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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物主: 形容词 thy, 代词 thine. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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3. 关于分词词缀的读音和拼写cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
法语中分词词缀的读音比较规则。但必须注意现在分词(gérondifs)的一些特殊变位，比如-vaincre变成-vainquant等。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
而英语中须注意的是，在过去分词词尾为-red时，"r"不发音(ordered)。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
英语中还有一些作形容词的过去分词词尾发音为[id]:cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
wicked(méchant), wretched(misérable), naked(nu), ragged(en haillons), rugged(rugueux), aged(très âgé), learned(érudit) cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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其中尤其要注意最后的那个词，"learned"作形容词的发音。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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4. 关于否定cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
英语的否定形式是“单否定”，而法语是“双否定”。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Ÿ There was hardly anybody on the beach. Il n'y avait presque personne sur la plage. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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我们不说《nearly nobody》或《almost nobody》，而法语中是《presque personne》 cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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同样， cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Presque rien = hardly anything cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Presque pas de = hardly any cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Presque jamais = hardly ever cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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5. 疑问形式cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
英语构成疑问形式的方法为提前第一个出现的助动词，并且不多次重复主语。试比较:cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Ÿ How long have the Robinsons been living here? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Depuis combine de temps les Robinson habitant-ils ici? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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6. 否定疑问式cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
英语中出现否定疑问式的几率要比法语多得多。而且特别要注意的是，英语的否定疑问式可以表达惊讶含义，而法语的否定疑问式则无此功能:cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Ÿ Didn't they laugh! Ils ont bien ri! cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Ÿ Isn't it ridiculous! Comme c'est ridicule! cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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列句参考自《La grammaire au lycée》, S.Berland-Delépine, Ophrys .cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
这次从三个英语最基本的动词出发，看看英语和法语的构词区别。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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1. 关于英语中的Be动词cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
We wondered where Betty was. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Nous nous demandions où était Betty. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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英语中的Be动词并不总是对应法语中的être的，下面的例子就可见一斑: cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
I am cold cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai froid. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I am hungry. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai faim. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I am thirsty. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai soif. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I am afraid. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai peur. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I am sleepy. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai sommeil. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I am right. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai raison. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I am wrong. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai tort. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I am lucky. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai de la chance. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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I was sick. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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J'ai eu mal au coeur. (J'ai vomi.) cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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对于《I was sick.》这个英语句子，究竟翻译为《J'étais malade.》还是《J'ai vomi》，要看具体情况而定。事实上，看看说话人的用意便能知道。当然，相对而言，美国人更喜欢用这句话指自己生病了；而如果你在英国呢，就万万不可在公共场合说: I am sick.. 人们听到这句话的第一反应就是: 赶快离开你远远的。因为在英国，人们往往将其理解为: 我要吐了。所以在英国，要表达生病，还是说I am ill. 比较好。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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其它一些特殊用法。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
尺寸cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
How deep is this wall? It's 20 feet deep. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Quelle est la profondeur de ce puits? Il est profond de 20 pieds. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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年龄cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
How old is she? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Quel âge a-t-elle? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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温度cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
What's the weather like? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Quel temps fait-il? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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健康cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
How are you? I'm better. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Comment allez-vous? Je vais mieux. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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To be在if, when, while, until, as, though.后可以省略。而法语的处理方式则有省略关系副词、被动式变主动式(加上主语on，可是很常用的一着啊！)以及重复主语(最保险的一着)。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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A Rome, faites comme les Romains. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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He decided to relate what he had seen if told to do so. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il décida de raconteur ce qu'il avait vu si on le lui demandait. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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As a boy I used to be fond of honey. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Quand j'étais enfant j'aimais beaucoup le miel. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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2. 关于英语中的There be句型cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
There was a crowd on the pavement. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il y avait un attroupement sur le trottoir. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There is 在各种时态中:cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
There's been cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il y a eu cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There will be cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il y aura cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There's going to be cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il va y avoir cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There used to be cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Autrefois il y avait cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There might be cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il pourrait y avoir cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There ought to be cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il devrait y avoir cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There seems to be cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il semble qu'il y ait cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There's bound to be cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il y aura inévitablement cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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在一些语言很讲究的文章中，其它一些动词和there的搭配往往使文章生色不少。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
There remains only this possibility. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il ne reste que cette possibilité. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There came a time when we had to sell the house. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il arriva un moment où il nous fallut vendre la maison. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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注意不要搞混there is(= il y a) 和there is(= voilà)。 cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There's Mrs. Jones. Let's invite her to join us. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Voilà Mme Jones. Invitons-la à se joindre à nous. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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There they are. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Les voilà. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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俗语中也有例子: cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Here you are. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Tenez. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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那么，il y a 总是对应英语中的there is吗？答案也不是，请看: cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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距离cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
It's 3 miles from here to the station. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il y a 3 miles d'ici à la gare. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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时间间隔cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
They left five minutes ago. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Ils sont parties il y a cinq minutes. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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短语《qu'y a-t-il?》中cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
What's the matter? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Que se passe-t-il? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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3. 关于英语中的Have的一些用法cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Had better + 无to的动词不定式cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
We'd better wait for them. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Nous ferions mieux de les attendre. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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You'd better not listen to him. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Tu ferias mieux de ne pas l'écouter. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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值得注意的是，Have to既可以表示必需，也可以表示强烈的推荐。cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
We shall have to wait. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Nous devrons attendre. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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You've got to see this film. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Il faut absolument que tu voies ce film. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Have to的疑问和否定形式: cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
Did you have to wait long? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Avez-vous dû attendre longtemps? cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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They didn't have to help me. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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Ils n'ont pas eu à m'aider. cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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To have的一些短语:cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
to have a bath cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
(prendre un bain), cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
to have a look (jeter un coup d'oeil), cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
to have a rest (se reposer un instant), cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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to have dinner (dîner), cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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to have a sandwich (manger un sandwich), cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8
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等等...cC?5k}Ðöbforum.liuxuehome.comyÁSç0+8