EXERCISE TWENTY
C
Passage 1
  Sleep is part of a person's daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep and they too occur in cycles, If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes. This is called stage 1 sleep. For the next half hour or so as you relax more and more you will drift down through stage 2 and stage C sleep. The lower your stage of sleep the slower your brain waves will be. Then about 4('. to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep.
  You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. The delta rhythm will disappear to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring In front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some ~ to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep. It is during REM sleep that most dreams seem to occur. Provided that you do not wake up during the first REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again. your breathing will grow slow and regular once more. and you will slip gently back from stage I to 4 sleep-only to rise once again tQ the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.
1. According to the passage, the alpha rhythm is characteristic of.which phase of sleep?
(A) Stage I
(B) Stage2
(C) Stage 3
(D) Stage4
2. It can be inferred from the passage that  stages of siee~ are primarily classified ac
cording to
(A) breating rhythms
(B) muscular movement
(C) dreaming patterns
(D) brain wave activity
3.According to the passage which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
(A) The eyes dart around
(B) It lasts 8 to 15 minutes
(C) The delta rhythm is present
(D) The sleeper dreams
4.After how many minutes does the averageperson repeat the sleep cycle?
(A) 8 to 15 minutes
(B) 30 minutes
(C) 40 to 60 minutes
(D) 80 minutes
                        Passage 2
    When the Gioup of Seven was formed in 1920, the artists hoped for recognition of their works and ideas. In the catalog to their first exhibition, they actually invited adverse criticism-but only because what they feared most was indifference. At a time when Canada was coming into its own they felt that a malor factor in the development of a strong and healthy nation was a vital and relevant art. They hoped that their works would make a significant contribution to the evolution of a truly Canadian art tradition. Therefore behind the Group 5 desire to paint the Canadian landscape lay the genuirie of county and state boundaries. The planning function conviction that it was the northern landscape that represented and expressed the country's unique character. It was th~s concept that was to capture the imagination of so many Canadians.
  Today there 5 every indication that the Group attained its goals. These artists achieved widespread popular success and acclaim. and their works have been heralded as one of the basic symbols of Canadian culture. They have been honored with exhibitions. degrees. and medals; reproductions of their works can be found on everything from posters to postage stamps.
  As frequently happens with po~ular trends. there has been a tendency to romanticize the accomplishments of the Group. which has inevitably caused many misconceptions to develop. The most common of these is the popular belief that the Seven were violently criticized in the first Group shows. However. the for these early shows were nearly all favorable.
1.What does the passage mainly discuss~.~
  (A) The origin of Canadian traditions
  (B) The seven symbols of Canada
(C) Popular trends in Canadian art
  (D)A group of seven Canadian artists
      2.The author implies that the Group of Seven welcomed adverse criticism because it would
(A) help them to improve as artists
(B) mean that their work was being noticed
(C) increase the market value of their work
  (D) gain support for thom as victim of unfair criticism
3.The author implies that the members of the Group of Seven were
(A) portrait painters
(B) landscape artists
(C) art critics
(D) art dealers
  4.According to the passage. all of the following were major goals of the Group of Seven EXCEPT truth of the matter is that the reviews
    (A)~roducin~ art with the intent of selling it quickly
    (B)having their work recognized
    (C)having their ideas about art accepted
    (D)contributing to the growth of a uniquely Canadian art
5.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way in which the Group of Seven was honored?
(A)Degrees were conferred on them
(B) Their work was exhibited
(C) Monuments were dedicated to them
(D) They were awarded medals
      6.In line 18 the word '~violently" 5 closest in meaning to which of the foIlowin~?
(A)Physically
(B)Brilliantly
(C)Quickly
(D)Severely
Passage 3
  Marjorie Rice was an unlikely candidate for the role of mathematical innovator. She had no formal education in mathematics save a single course required for graduation from high school in 1939. Nonetheless. in 1975 she took up a problem that professional mathematicians had twice left for dead, and showed how much life was in it still.
  The problem was tessellation, or tiling of the plane, which involves taking a single closed figure-a triangle. for example, or a rectangle-and fitting it together with cop;es of itself so that a plane is covered without any gaps or overlap. A region of this plane would rook rather like a iigsaw puzzle whose pieces are all identical. Rice worked primarily with polygons. which consist only of straight lines. More specifically. she worked with convex polygons, in which the line joining any two points on the polygon lies entirely within the polygon itself or on one of its edges. (A five - pointed star, for example. does not qualify as a convex polygon.)
      By the time Rice took up tiling. its basic properties had been established. Obviously. any square can tile the plane. as many kitchen floors have demonstrated. Equilateral triangles are alsc a fairly clear - cut case. There is one other regular polygon (a polygon whose angles. and sides. are equal) that can tile the plane: the hexagon. This fact was established by the ancient Greeks but had long before been exploited by honeybees in building their honeycombs.
  And what of irtegul~r polygons.? As it turns o'~t. any. triangle or ~uadrjlater~l, no matter how devoid of regularity. will tile the plane. On the other hand, no convex polygon with more tfian six sides can do Sc, and the three classes of convex bexagons that can were uncovered by the end of the First World War. Sc the only real question left by the time Marjorie Rice began her work was which convex pentagons tile the plane.
1. The main subject of the passage is
(A)famous mathematicians
  (B) mathematical education
(C)tiling the plane
  (D)Y irregular oclygons
2.According t~ the passage. Marjorie Rice' 5trainina in mathematics was
  (A.)professional
(B)unnecessary
  (C) delayed
  (D) limited
3. "It" in line 4 refers to
(A)education
(B)life
(C)a course
  (D) a problem
4. According to the passage, for a figure to be a
polygon it must consist of
(A)straight lines
(B)convex lines
  (C )triangles
      (D)squares
5.In the third paragraph. the author mentions honcycombs bcc~usc
    (A) they prove that only regular polygons can tile the plane
    (B) they are an example o' hexagona structures
    (C) Greek mathematicians studied tnem
    (D) Marjorie Rice raised bees
6."This fact" in line 15 refers to
      (A)the Greeks using the hexagon
      (B)the hexagon tiling the plane
      (C)establishing basic properties
      (D)tiling kitehen floors
  7. Where in the passage does the author md;cate whether or not convex nine  sided fioures can tile the plane?
    (A) Lines 5-7
    (B) Lines 7-8
    (C) Lines 13-15
    (D) Lines 18 -~ 2(1
Passage 4
  The constitutional requirements for holding congressional office in the United States are few and simple. They include age (twenty- five years of age for the House of Rearesentatives. thirty for the Senate); citizenship seven years for the House, nine years for the Senate)  and residency in the state from which the officeholder is elected. Thus. the constitutional gateways to congressional officeholding are fairly wide.
  Even these minimal requirements. however. sometimes arouse controversy. During the 1960' 5 and I 970' 5, when people of the post - Second World War "baby boom" reached maturity and the Twenty - sixth Amendment (permitting eithteen year olds to vote) was ratified. unsuccessful efforts were made to lower the eligible age for senators and representatives.
  Because of Americans' geographic mobility, residency sometimes is an issue. Voters normally prefer candidates with- long standing ties to their states or districts. In his 1978 reelection campaign, for instance. Texas Senatcr John Tower effectively accused his opponent. Representative Robert Krueger. of having spent most of his life "overseas or in the East" studying or teaching-a charge taken seriously in Texas. Well - known candidates sometimes succeed without such ties. New York voters elected to the Senate Robert F. Kennedy(1965  196S) and Daniel Patrick Moyniban (1977) even though each had spent much of his life elsewhere. While members of the House of Representatives are not bound to live in the district from which they are elected. most do so prior to their election.
      In the Senate the '~one person one vote" rule does not apply. Article I of theConstitution assures each state, regardless of population. two Senate seats and Article V guarantees that this e~'~al representation cannot be take~ away witho~t the state~' consent. The founders stipulated that senators be designated by their respective state legislatures rather than by the voters themselves. Thus, the Senate was designed to add stability, wisdom, and forbearance to the actions of the popularly elected House. This distinction between the two houses was eroded by the Seventeenth Amendment ~ 1913)' which provided for the direct popular election of senators.
    1.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
  (A) The founding of Congress
(B)The congressional process of making laws
(C)The division of power in Congress
(D)The factors involved in the election of congressional members
  2. The author mentions all of the following as requirements for hol~ing congressional officeEXCEPT
          (A) age
        (B)place of residency
            (C) citizenship
      (D) country of birth
3. The number of senators from each state i~stipulated by
    (A)the Twenty  sixth Amendment
    (B)the population in the state
    (C)Article I of the Constitution
    (D)local legislation
4. The word ' charge" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
    (A)accusation
    (B)expense
    (C)demand
    ( D)~~ue
    5.Which of the following can be inferred aboutRobert Krueger?
(A) He was born on the East Coast
(B) He defeated John Tower
(C) He spent most of his life in Texas
(D) He was not elected to the United States in 1978
    6.The word "bound" in line 1? could best be replaced by
(A) determined
(B) obligated
(C) destined
(D) likely
    7.Which ot' the following candidates is eligible to be elected to the United States Senate from the s;ate of New York?
(A )Candidate_one-twenty - four years b'ld natural citizen. lifelong New York resident
(B) Candidate two-twenty - nine years old United States citizen for eleven years, New York resident for ten years
(C) Candidate three-thirty - five years old, United States citizen for twe lve years, New York resident for one year
(D) anCdidate four-forty years old, United States citizen for eight years, New York resident for twenty years
Passage 5
      In 1868 Alfred Ely Beach the 44 - year - old publisher of Scientific Americon magazine and avid part - time inventor built New York' 5 first subway. Its site was 21 feet beneath Broadway between Warren and Murray streets. The tunnel itself was 9 feet in diameter, 3!2 feet long and held one cylindrical car capable of going about 10 miles an hour. A giant 100 - horsepower blower propelled the vehicle along a track until it reached the far end where the fan reversed by a trip wire, slowed the car to a stop and then pulled it back the other way.
    The elegance of this first subway will probably never be surpassed. The decor of Beach' S tunnel platform included fine paintings. frescoed walls, a grand piano, a fountain. and a goldfish tank-bringing the total private expenditure for the tunnel to $ 35(1. ()()O. Overshadowed by all this was Beach' 5 substantial contribution to engineering. his method of tunnel construction: a hydraulic shield that looked something like an o~en  ended tin can and was proo,el led by pistons that drove it through the earth. Dirt removal and bcicklaying went on inside the shield. affording the workers complete protection against cave - ins The shield would later be used for construction of London's Thames. Glasgow's Clyde. and New York's Hudson tunnels.
    After the stock exchange collapse of 1873. the subway was sealed up and forgotten. From then on. Beach devoted himself to publishing and did not live to see New York achieve his dream. In 1912. workers digging a new subway tunnel unexpectedly broke into Beach' 5 subway and found the little car sitting on its tracks, the whole tunnel still remarkably intact. Today the Beach tunnel is part of the City Hall subway station, where a olaque commemorates Beach' 5 pioneering and maverick achicvement.
1.What is the main purpose of the passage?
(A) To compare New York tunnels with those in London and Glasgow
(B) To deseribe the design and construction of the first subway built in New York
(C) To discuss Alfred Beach 5 career as an eminent publisher
(D) To explain the importance of the hydraulic shield
2.Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author. as being a part of the elegant surroundings of the first subway tunnel?
(A) A musical instrument
(B) Plants
(C) Decorated walls
(D) A fountain
3.The author implies that Alfred Beach madetunnel construction
(A) less comfortable
(B) less complex
(C) cheaper
  (D)safer
4.It can be inferred from the passage that an indirect cause of the closing of New York' 5 first subway was
(A)a tunnel cave in
(B)the buildine of City Hall
(C)the 1873 stock market crash
(D)Beach's return to publishing
5. According to the passage. what happened in
1912?
(A)The stock exchange was reopened
      (B) Scientific Americon was founded
(C)New York' 5 first subway was rediscovered
(D)Broadway was decorated
6.In line 20. word "its" refers to
(A)car
(B)subway
(C)Beach's
(D)tunnel