新托福阅读模拟试题

Hormones in the Body_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   Up to the beginning of the twentieth century, the nervous system was thought to control all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior. Scientists had determined that nerves ran, essentially, on electrical impulses. These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion. However, experiments by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view. From the small intestine, secretin travels through the bloodstream to the pancreas. There, it stimulates the release of digestive chemicals. In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone. This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite” or “to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body. Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary. The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion. The pancreas is one such organ, although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery. Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death. The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior, even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary. Hormonal systems are very intricate. Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child. Certain hormones accelerate the development of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual’s personality characteristics. The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common. A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age. Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones. At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer. HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form. Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence, recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   Human growth hormone may also be given to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own. Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process. Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
27. The word engine in the passage is closest in meaning to_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) desire_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) origin_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) science_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) chemical28. The word it in the passage refers to_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) secretin_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) small intestine_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) bloodstream_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) pancreas_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
29. The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) remembered_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) surprised_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) invented_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) motivated_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
30. To be considered a hormone, a chemical produced in the body must_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) be part of the digestive process_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) influence the operations of the nervous system_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) affect processes in a different part of the body_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) regulate attitudes and behavior_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
31. The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3 are categorized according to_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) whether scientists understand their function_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) how frequently they release hormones into the body_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) whether they secrete chemicals into the blood_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
32. The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) misunderstood_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) precise_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) significant_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) simple_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
33. The word minute in the passage is closest in meaning to_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) sudden_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) small_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) changing_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) noticeable_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
34. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure, scientists remain unsure how far-reaching their effects on moods and actions are._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) When the body is not producing enough hormones, urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) The influence of many hormones is not easy to measure, but they can affect both people’s psychology and actions extensively._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
35. The word tempered in the passage is closest in meaning to_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) decreased_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) advertised_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) prescribed_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) researched_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
36. Which patients are usually treated with growth hormone?_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) Adults of smaller statue than normal_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) Adults with strong digestive systems_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) Children who are not at risk from the treatment_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) Children who may remain abnormally small_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
37.Which of the following sentences explains the primary goal of hormone replacement therapy?_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
These sentences are highlighted in the passage._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(A) The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(B) A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(C) HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
(D) Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it. _ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
  38. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body is a complex machine, however, and recent studies have called into question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systems into believing they aren’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   39. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   Answer Choices_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   The term hormone is based on a Greek word that means "to excite" or "to set in motion."Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   Hormones can be given artificially, but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
   Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodily processes far from their points of origin.Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of blood clots and heart disease in middle-age women._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
Answer Keys_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
Reading:_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
27. B_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
28. A_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
29. D_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
30. C_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
31. D_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
32. C_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
33. B_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
34. D_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
35. A_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
36. D_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
37. A _ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
38. third square_ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
39.1) Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system…._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
2) Hormones can affect not only life processes….._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb
3) Researchers are looking for ways to decrease the dangers of …._ôzþ³‡u»forum.liuxuehome.com •47ՕñÀb