b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Question 1-8 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
enters into the story of modern sculpture in the United States. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Direct carving - in which the sculptors themselves carve stone b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
or wood with mallet and chisel - must be recognized as someb¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
-thing more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example, some-b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
times the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
perhaps even dictates, not only the ultimate form, but b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
even the subject matter. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
century tradition in which the making of a clay model b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
was considered the creative act and the work was then turned b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
in marble. Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
in their own hands, readily conceding that the assistants they b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
employed were far better than they were at carving the finished b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
marble. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
medium. Even as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
European artists were attempting direct carving. By b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans - b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Laurent and Zorach most notably - had adopted it as their primary b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
means of working. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Born in France, Robert Laurent(1890-1970) was a prodigy b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
who received his education in the United States. In 1905 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art dealer, and in b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
discovered primitive art, and learned the techniques of wood-b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
carving from a frame maker. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
pieces such as The Priestess, which reveals his fascination with b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacific art. Taking a walnut b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design.b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
sculpture. The plank's form dictated the rigidly frontal view b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must have appealed b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
required a sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
1. The word "medium" in line 5 could be used to refer to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) stone or wood b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) mallet and chisel b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) technique b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) principle b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
2. What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) A sculptor must work with talented assistants. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) The material is an important element in a sculpture. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(3) The word "dictates" in line 8 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) reads aloud b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) determines b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) includes b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) records b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
4. How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Sculptors receive more formal training. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
5. The word "witnessed" in line 23 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) influenced b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) studied b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) validated b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) observed b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) New York b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Africa b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) The South Pacific b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Paris. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
7. The phrase "a break with" in line 30 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) a destruction of b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) a departure from b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) a collapse of b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) a solution to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
8. The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) The design is stylized. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) It is made of marble. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) The carving is not deep. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) It depicts the front of a person. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Question 9-19 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
roosts. The reasons for roosting communally are not always b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter especially,b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
precious food reserves. One way to do this is to find a b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground and b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
is magnified by several birds huddling together in the b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anisb¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
together were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
and three together saved a third of their heat. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
they act as "information centers." During the day, parties of b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
others may have found little to eat. Some investigators have b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
observed that when the birds set out again next morning, b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
kestrels may illustrate different feeding behaviors of similar b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
birds with different roosting habits. The common kestrel b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects overa b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
large area. The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
since there will always be a few birds awake at any given b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is partially b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
are especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
in trees can be attacked by birds of prey. The birds on the b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
small birds perching at the margins of the roost. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
9. What does the passage mainly discuss? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) How birds find and store food. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) How birds maintain body heat in the winter. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Why birds need to establish territory. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Why some species of birds nest together. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
10. The word "conserve" in line 3 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) retain b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) watch b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) locate b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) share b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
11. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) huddling together on the ground with other birds. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Building nests in trees. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Burrowing into dense patches of vegetation b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Digging tunnels into the snow. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
12. The word "magnified" in line 6 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) caused b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) modified b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) intensified b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) combined b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
13. The author mentions kinglets in line 9 as an example of birds that b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) protect themselves by nesting in holes. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Nest with other species of birds b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Nest together for warmth b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Usually feed and nest in pairs. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
14. The word "forage" in line 12 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) fly b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) assemble b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) feed b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) rest b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
15. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) The common kestrel nests in trees, the lesser kestrel nests on the ground. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
16. The word "counteracted" in line 24 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) suggested b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) negated b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) measured b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) shielded b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
17. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds that huddle together while sleeping? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) Some members of the flock warm others of impending dangers. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are looking for food. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Several members of the flock care for the young. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
18. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in the passage? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) Diseases easily spread among the birds. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Food supplies are quickly depleted b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Some birds in the group will attack the others. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
19.The word "they" in line 25 refers to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) a few birds b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) mass roosts b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) predators b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) trees. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Question 20-30 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
there was no way to prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealingb¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
process of canning. And in the 1850's an American b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
preserved and bought at all times of the year. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
for Americans to vary their daily diets. Growing urban b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
been invented I the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
people continued to eat mainly foods that were heavy in starches b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
or carbohydrates, and not everyone could afford meat. Never-b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
theless, many families could take advantage of previously b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
more varied fare. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
20.What does the passage mainly discuss? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) Causes of food spoilage. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Commercial production of ice b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Inventions that led to changes in the American diet. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Population movements in the nineteenth century. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
21.The phrase "in season" in line 2 refers to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) a kind of weather b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) a particular time of year b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) an official schedule b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) a method of flavoring food. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
22.The word "prevent" in line 4 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) estimateb¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) avoid b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) correct b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) confine b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
23.During the 1860's, canned food products were b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) unavailable in rural areas b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) shipped in refrigerator cars b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) available in limited quantities. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) A staple part of the American diet. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
24.It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) before 1860 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) before 1890 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) after 1900 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) after 1920 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
25.The word "them" in line 14 refers to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) refrigerator cars b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) perishables b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) growers b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) distances b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
26.The word "fixture" in line 20 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) luxury item b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) substance b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) commonplace object b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) mechanical device b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
27.The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) decreased in number b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) were on an irregular schedule b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) increased in cost b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) occurred only in the summer. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
28.The word "Nevertheless" in line 24 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) therefore b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) because b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) occasionally b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) however b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
29.Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the passage? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) Drying b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Canning b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Cold storage b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Chemical additives. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
30.Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) Tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more widely available. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Most farmers in the United States raised only fruits and vegetables. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) People who lived in cities demanded home delivery of foods. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Question 31-38 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
and land on their feet has been a source of wonder for ages. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Biologists long regarded it as an example of adaptation by b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Newton's laws of motion assume that the total amount of spin b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
of a body cannot change unless an external torque speeds it up b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
or slows it down. If a cat has no spin when it is released and b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
around as it falls. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
cat resembles a magician's trick. The gyrations of the cat in b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the process b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
fall slowed down for the phenomenon to be observed. A century b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
ago the former was accomplished by means of high-speed b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
cat constituted a scientific experiment. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
The experiment was described in a paper presented to the b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Paris Academy in 1894. Two sequences of twenty photographs b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
each, one from the side and one from behind, show a b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
white cat in the act of righting itself. Grainy and quaint b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
though they are, the photos show that the cat was dropped b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
upside down, with no initial spin, and still landed on its feetb¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret. As the catb¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
rotates the front of its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
counterclockwise, so that the total spin remains zero, in perfect b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
accord with Newton's laws. Halfway down, the cat b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
pulls in its legs before reversing its twist and then extends b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
them again, with the desired end result. The explanation was b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
that while no body can acquire spin without torque, a flexible b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
one can readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
this instinctively, but scientists could not be sure how it b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
thousandfold. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
31.What does the passage mainly discuss? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) The explanation of an interesting phenomenon b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Miracles in modern science b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Procedures in scientific investigation b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) The differences between biology and physics.b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
32.The word "process" in line 10 refers to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) the righting of a tumbling cat b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) the cat's fall slowed down b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) high-speed photography b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) a scientific experiment b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
33.Why are the photographs mentioned in line 16 referred to as an "experiment"? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) The photographs were not very clear. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) The purpose of the photographs was to explain the process. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) The photographer used inferior equipment b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) The photographer thought the cat might be injured. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
34.Which of the following can be inferred about high-speed photography in the late 1800's? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) It was a relatively new technology. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) The necessary equipment was easy to obtain. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) The resulting photographs are difficult to interpret. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) It was not fast enough to provide new information. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
35.The word "rotates" in line 19 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) drops b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) turns b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) controls b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) touches b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
36.According to the passage, a cat is able to right itself in midair because it is b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) frightened b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) small b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) intelligent b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) flexible b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
37.The word "readily" in line 24 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) only b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) easily b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) slowly b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) certainly b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
38.How did scientists increase "the speed of their perceptions a thousandfold" (lines 25-26)?b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) By analyzing photographs b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) By observing a white cat in a dark room b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) By dropping a cat from a greater height. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) By studying Newton's laws of motion. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Question 39-50 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
in the shifting definitions used by the United States Bureau b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
the nation's "urban" from its "rural" population for the first b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
time. "Urban population" was defined as persons living in b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
towns of 8,000 inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
inhabitants. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
definition of "urban" to take account of the new vagueness of b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incor-b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
porated and unincorporated areas located around cities of b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
integrated economic and social unit with a large population b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(SMSA). b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
with 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities having b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
social purposes, a single community with a combined population b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
of at least 15,000. Such an area included the county in b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
found to be metropolitan in character and economically and b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
socially integrated with the country of the central city. By 1970, b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
about two-thirds of the population of the United States was b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
half were living outside the central cities. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
While the Census Bureau and the United States government b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
social scientists were also using new terms to describe b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
to be simple "town" and "cities". A host of terms came into b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
use: "metropolitan regions", "polynucleated population b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
groups", "conurbations", "metropolitan clusters", b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
"megalopolises", and so on. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
39.What does the passage mainly discuss? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) How cities in the United States began and developed b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Solutions to overcrowding in cities b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) The changing definition of an urban area b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
40.According to the passage, the population of the United States was first classified as rural or urban in b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) 1870 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) 1900 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) 1950 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) 1970 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
41.The word "distinguished" in line 3 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) differentiated b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) removed b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) honored b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) protected b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
42.Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being defines as urban? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) 2,500 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) 8,000 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) 15,000 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) 50,000 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
43.According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) City borders had become less distinct. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Cities had undergone radical social change b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) New businesses had relocated to larger cities. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
44.The word "those" in line 9 refers to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) boundaries b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) persons b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) units b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) areas b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
45.The word "constituting" in line 16 is closest in meaning to b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) located near b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) determine by b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) calling for b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) marking up b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
46.The word "which" in line 18 refers to a smaller b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) population b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) city b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) character b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) figure b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
47.Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) It has a population of at least 50,000 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) It can include a city's outlying regions b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) It can include unincorporated regions b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) It consists of at least two cities. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
48.By 1970, what proportion of the population in the United States did NOT live in an SMSA? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) 3/4 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) 2/3 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) 1/2 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) 1/3 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
49.The Census Bureau first used the term "SMSA" in b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) 1900 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) 1950 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) 1969 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) 1970 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
50.Where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for an urban area? b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(A) Lines 4-5 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(B) Lines 7-8 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(C) Lines 21-23 b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ
(D) Lines 27-29. b¡s¼Gÿ4Åforum.liuxuehome.com#ÉñÇæ