>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Questions 1-10>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However , >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
It was not until after the Second World War that physicists >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
powers. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have a >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
"maser" for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
even shorter wavelength. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
37- year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Letter, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later,>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
of the laser.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
1.The word "coined" in line 1 could best be replaced by>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) created>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) mentioned>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) understood>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) discovered>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
2.The word "intervention" in line 5 can best be replaced by>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) need>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) device>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) influence>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) source>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
3.The word "it" in line 6 refers to >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) light bulb>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) energy>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) molecule>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) atom>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
4.Which of the following statements best describes a laser?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) An atom in a high-energy state.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) A technique for destroying atoms or molecules.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) An instrument for measuring light waves.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
5.Why was Towne's early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) He was not concerned with light amplification.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) His partner Schawlow had already begun work on the laser.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) The laser had already been developed.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
6.In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPT>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) stimulated emission>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) microwaves>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) light amplification>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) a maser>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
7.In approximately what year was the first maser built?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) 1917>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) 1951>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) 1953>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) 1957>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
8.The word "emerged" in line 28 is closest in meaning to >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) increased>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) concluded>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) succeeded>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) appeared>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
9.The word "outlining" in line 30 is closest in meaning to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) assigning>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) studying>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) checking>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) summarizing>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
10.Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) The researchers' notebooks were lost.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Several people were developing the idea at the same time.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) No one claimed credit for the development until recently.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) The work is still incomplete.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Questions 11-21>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Panel painting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
-century Europe , involved a painstaking , laborious process. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
surface for painting , and then polished smooth with special >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
tools. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
produced the final, translucent colors.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
sheets of gold leaf, and then embellishing of decorating the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a pattern >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
deliberate . The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was, >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
therefore , an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artist >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produced works. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
that it demanded assistance. All such work was done >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
by collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
master who is credited with having created painting may have >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint. The carpenter's shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus, >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
not only many hands , but also many shops were involved in >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the final product.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
In spite of problems with their condition, restoration,>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
and preservation many panel paintings have survived, and>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
today many of them are housed in museum collections.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
11.What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Famous examples>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Different styles>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) Restoration>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) Production>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
12.According to the passage, what was the first step in making a panel painting?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Mixing the paint>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Preparing the panel>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) Buying the gold leaf>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) Making ink drawings>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
13.The word "it" in line 6 refers to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) chalk>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) composition>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) artist>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) surface>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
14.The word "deliberate" in line 7 is closest in meaning to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) decisive>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) careful>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) natural>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) unusual>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
15.Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Joining wooden planks to form large sheets.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Polishing the gesso.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) Applying many layers of paint.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) Covering the background with gold leaf.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
16.Whar characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) It dries quickly.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) It is difficult to make.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) It dissolves easily.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) It has to be applied directly to wood.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
17.The word "demanded" in line 24 is closest in meaning to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) ordered>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) reported>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) required>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) questioned>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
18.The "collective enterprise" mentioned in line 25 includes all of the following EXCEPT>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) supplying the gold leaf>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) building the panels>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) applying the paint>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) selling the painting>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
19.The word "imitate" in line 30 is closest in meaning to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) copy>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) illustrate>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) promote>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) believe in>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
20.The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survivals of panel painting EXCEPT>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) condition>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) theft>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) preservation>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) restoration>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
21.The word "them" in line 37 refers to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) problems>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) condition, restoration, preservation>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) panel paintings>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) museum collections>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Questions 22-32>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
them for a long time. On the other hand, when it comes to >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
substantive -- particularly behavioral -- information, crows >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
are less well known than many comparably common species >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
There are practical reasons for this.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
field research. Keen observers and quick learners, they are >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
astute about the intentions of other creatures, including >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
researchers, and adept at avoiding them. Because they are so >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
numerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
distinguish one crow from another. Bands, radio transmitters, or >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
other identifying devices can be attached to them , but this of >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
and most untrappable of birds. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Technical difficulties aside , crow research is daunting >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
because the ways of these birds are so complex and various.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
As preeminent is generalists, members of this species >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
and inclinations, strategies and scams. For example, one >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the pin on the door. When the dog escaped, the bird went into >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the kennel and ate its food.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
22.What is the main topic of the passage?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) The ways in which crows differ from other common birds.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) The myths and legends about crows.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) The characteristics that make crows difficult to study. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) The existing methods for investigating crow behavior.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
23.According to the first paragraph, what evidence is there that crows have interested people for a long time?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) The large number of stories about crows.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) The frequency with which crows are sighted.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) The amount of research that has been conducted on crows.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) The ease with which crows are identified.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
24.The word "comparably" in line 7 is closest in meaning to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) interestingly>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) similarly>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) otherwise>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) sometimes>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
25.In line 9, the author mentions the endangered California condor as an example of a species that is>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) smaller than the crow>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) easily identifiable>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) featured in legends>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) very rare>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
26.The word "them" in line 10 refers to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) crows>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) subjects>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) intentions>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) researchers>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
27.According to the second paragraph, crows are poor subjects for field research for all of the following reasons EXCEPT>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) They can successfully avoid observers.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) They are hard to distinguish from one another.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) They can be quite aggressive.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) They are difficult to catch.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
28.In the second paragraph, the author implies that using radio transmitters would allow a researcher who studies crow to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) identify individual crows>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) follow flocks of crows over long distances>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) record the times when crows are most active>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) help crows that become sick or injured>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
29.According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true about crows?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) They seldom live in any one place for very long.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) They thrive in a wide variety of environments.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) They have marked preferences for certain kinds of foods.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) They use up the resources in one area before moving to another.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
30.In line 26, the word "inclinations" is closest in meaning to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) tricks>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) opportunities>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) preferences>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) experiences>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
31.In lines 26-29, the author mentions a pet crow to illustrate which of the following?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) The clever ways that crows solve problems.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) The differences between pet crows and wild crows.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) The ease with which crows can be tamed.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) The affection that crows show to other creatures>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
32.Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Crows have relatively long lives.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Crows have keen vision.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) Crows are usually solitary.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) Crows are very intelligent.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Questions 33-41>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
In the early days of the United States, postal charges >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
were paid by the recipient and Charges varied with the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
distance carried. In 1825, the United States Congress permitted >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
delivery, but these carriers received no government salary and their >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
entire compensation depended on what they were paid by the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
recipients of individual letters.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
In 1847 the United States Post Office Department >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
adopted the idea of a postage stamp, which of course simplified >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
who did not like to prepay. Besides, the stamp covered only >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
private address. In Philadelphia, for example, with a population >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
of 150,000, people still had to go to the post office to get >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
their mail. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
cumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
businesses developed. Although their activities were only >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
semilegal, they thrived, and actually advertised that between >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Boston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
government mail. The government postal service lost volume >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
even the business it had. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Finally, in 1863, Congress provided that the mail carriers >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
should receive a government salary, and that there should >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
be no extra charge for that delivery. But this delivery service >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
was at first confined to cities, and free home delivery became a >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10,000 >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
people to be eligible for free home delivery. In 1890, of >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the 75 million people in the United States, fewer than 20 >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
million had mail delivered free to their doors. The rest, nearly >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
three-quarters of the population, still received no mail unless >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
they went to their post office.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
33.What does the passage mainly discuss?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) The increased use of private mail services.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) The development of a government postal system.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) A comparison of urban and postal services.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) The history of postage stamps.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
34.The word "varied" in line 2 could best be replaced by >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) increased>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) differed>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) returned>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) started>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
35.Which of the following was seen as a disadvantage of the postage stamp?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) It had to be purchased by the sender in advance.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) It increased the cost of mail delivery.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) It was difficult to affix to letters.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) It was easy to counterfeit.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
36.Why does the author mention the city of Philadephia in line 13?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) It was the site of the first post office in the United States.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Its postal service was inadequate for its population.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) It was the largest city in the United States in 1847.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) It was commemorated by the first United States postage stamp.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
37.The word "cumbersome" in line 17 is closest in meaning to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) burdensome>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) handsome>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) loathsome>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) quarrelsome>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
38.The word "they" in line 20 refers to>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Boston and Philadephia>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) businesses>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) arrangements>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) letters>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
39.The private postal services of the nineteenth century claimed that they could do which of the following better than the government?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Deliver a higher volume of mail.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Deliver mail more cheaply.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) Deliver mail faster.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) Deliver mail to rural areas.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
40.In 1863 the United States government began providing which of the following to mail carriers?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) A salary>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Housing>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) Transportation>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) Free postage stamps>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
41.The word "confined" in line 29 is closest in meaning to >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) granted>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) scheduled>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) limited>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) recommended>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Questions 42-50>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
have been systematically applied to studies of the more >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
immediate past. This has been called "historical archaeology," a >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
term that is used in the United States to refer to any >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
the arrival of Europeans.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
Back in the 1930's and 1940's, when building restoration >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
seat to architects. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
1950's and 1960's. Most people entering historical archaeology >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
during this period came out of university anthropology de->nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
partments., where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
and the techniques they used were designed to help them >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
were treading on historical ground for which there was often >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
extensive written do cumentation and because their own knowledge >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
of these periods was usually limited, their contributions >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
More recently, professional archaeologists have taken >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
people whose existences might not otherwise be so well >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past. >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
uncovered that indicates that English goods were being >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
excavation at site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's base->nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
ment despite sanitation laws to the contrary.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
42.What does the passage mainly discuss?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Why historical archaeology was first developed.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
43.According to the first paragraph, what is a relatively new focus in archaeology?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Investigating the recent past.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) Studying prehistoric cultures.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) Comparing finding made in North America and Europe.>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
44.According to the passage, when had historical archaeologists been trained as anthropologist?>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) Prior to the 1930's>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) During the 1930's and 1940's>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) During the 1950's and 1960's>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) After the 1960's>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
45.The word "framed" in line 18 is closest in meaning to >nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) understood>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) read>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) avoided>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) posed>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
46.In the third paragraph, the author implies that the techniques of history and the techniques of social science are>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(A) quite different from each other>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) equally useful in studying prehistoric cultures>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) usually taught to students of archaeology>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) both based on similar principles>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
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47.The phrase "their contributions" in line 23 refers to the contributions of>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
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(A) social scientists>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(B) prehistoric cultures>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(C) historians>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
(D) documentation and knowledge>nT¸«forum.liuxuehome.comx/îÁI@j
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