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2007-11-25
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1996年8月托福阅读全真试题
Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dotQuestions 1-10Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However , Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot It was not until after the Second World War that physicists Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot powers. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have a Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot "maser" for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot even shorter wavelength. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 37- year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Letter, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later,Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot of the laser.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 1.The word "coined" in line 1 could best be replaced byTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) createdTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) mentionedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) understoodTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) discoveredTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 2.The word "intervention" in line 5 can best be replaced byTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) needTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) deviceTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) influenceTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) sourceTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 3.The word "it" in line 6 refers to Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) light bulbTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) energyTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) moleculeTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) atomTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 4.Which of the following statements best describes a laser?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) An atom in a high-energy state.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) A technique for destroying atoms or molecules.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) An instrument for measuring light waves.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 5.Why was Towne's early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) He was not concerned with light amplification.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) His partner Schawlow had already begun work on the laser.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) The laser had already been developed.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 6.In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPTTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) stimulated emissionTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) microwavesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) light amplificationTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) a maserTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 7.In approximately what year was the first maser built?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) 1917Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) 1951Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) 1953Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) 1957Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 8.The word "emerged" in line 28 is closest in meaning to Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) increasedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) concludedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) succeededTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) appearedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 9.The word "outlining" in line 30 is closest in meaning toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) assigningTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) studyingTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) checkingTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) summarizingTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 10.Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) The researchers' notebooks were lost.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Several people were developing the idea at the same time.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) No one claimed credit for the development until recently.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) The work is still incomplete.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Questions 11-21Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Panel painting, common in thirteenth -and fourteenth Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot -century Europe , involved a painstaking , laborious process. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Wooden planks were joined, covered with gesso to prepare the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot surface for painting , and then polished smooth with special Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot tools. On this perfect surface, the artist would sketch a Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot composition with chalk, refine it with inks, and then begin the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot deliberate process of applying thin layers of egg tempera paint Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (egg yolk in which pigments are suspended) with small brushes. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot The successive layering of these meticulously applied paints Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot produced the final, translucent colors.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Backgrounds of gold were made by carefully applying Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot sheets of gold leaf, and then embellishing of decorating the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot gold leaf by punching it with a metal rod on which a pattern Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot had been embossed. Every step in the process was slow and Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot deliberate . The quick-drying tempera demanded that the artist Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot know exactly where each stroke be placed before the brush met Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the panel, and it required the use of fine brushes. It was, Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot therefore , an ideal technique for emphasizing the hard linear Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot edges and pure, fine areas of color that were so much a part of Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the overall aesthetic of the time. The notion that an artist Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot could or would dash off an idea in a fit of spontaneous Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot inspiration was completely alien to these deliberately produced works. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Furthermore, making these paintings was so time-consuming Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot that it demanded assistance. All such work was done Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot by collective enterprise in the workshops. The painter or Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot master who is credited with having created painting may have Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot designed the work and overseen its production, but it is highly Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot unlikely that the artist's hand applied every stroke of the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot brush. More likely, numerous assistants, who had been Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot trained to imitate the artist's style, applied the paint. The carpenter's shop probably provided the frame and perhaps supplied Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the panel, and yet another shop supplied the gold. Thus, Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot not only many hands , but also many shops were involved in Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the final product.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot In spite of problems with their condition, restoration,Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot and preservation many panel paintings have survived, andTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot today many of them are housed in museum collections.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 11.What aspect of panel paintings does the passage mainly discuss?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Famous examplesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Different stylesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) RestorationTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) ProductionTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 12.According to the passage, what was the first step in making a panel painting?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Mixing the paintTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Preparing the panelTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) Buying the gold leafTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) Making ink drawingsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 13.The word "it" in line 6 refers toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) chalkTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) compositionTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) artistTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) surfaceTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 14.The word "deliberate" in line 7 is closest in meaning toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) decisiveTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) carefulTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) naturalTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) unusualTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 15.Which of the following processes produced the translucent colors found on panel paintings?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Joining wooden planks to form large sheets.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Polishing the gesso.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) Applying many layers of paint.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) Covering the background with gold leaf.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 16.Whar characteristic of tempera paint is mentioned in the passage?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) It dries quickly.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) It is difficult to make.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) It dissolves easily.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) It has to be applied directly to wood.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 17.The word "demanded" in line 24 is closest in meaning toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) orderedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) reportedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) requiredTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) questionedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 18.The "collective enterprise" mentioned in line 25 includes all of the following EXCEPTTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) supplying the gold leafTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) building the panelsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) applying the paintTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) selling the paintingTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 19.The word "imitate" in line 30 is closest in meaning toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) copyTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) illustrateTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) promoteTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) believe inTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 20.The author mentions all of the following as problems with the survivals of panel painting EXCEPTTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) conditionTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) theftTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) preservationTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) restorationTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 21.The word "them" in line 37 refers toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) problemsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) condition, restoration, preservationTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) panel paintingsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) museum collectionsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Questions 22-32Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Crows are probably the most frequently met and easily Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot identifiable members of the native fauna of the United States. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot The great number of tales, legends, and myths about these Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot birds indicates that people have been exceptionally interested in Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot them for a long time. On the other hand, when it comes to Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot substantive -- particularly behavioral -- information, crows Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot are less well known than many comparably common species Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot and, for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones: the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot endangered California condor, to cite one obvious example. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot There are practical reasons for this.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Crows are notoriously poor and aggravating subjects for Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot field research. Keen observers and quick learners, they are Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot astute about the intentions of other creatures, including Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot researchers, and adept at avoiding them. Because they are so Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot numerous, active, and monochromatic, it is difficult to Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot distinguish one crow from another. Bands, radio transmitters, or Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot other identifying devices can be attached to them , but this of Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot course requires catching live crows, who are among the wariest Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot and most untrappable of birds. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Technical difficulties aside , crow research is daunting Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot because the ways of these birds are so complex and various.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot As preeminent is generalists, members of this species Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot ingeniously exploit a great range of habitats and resources, and Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot they can quickly adjust to changes in their circumstances. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Being so educable, individual birds have markedly different interests Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot and inclinations, strategies and scams. For example, one Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot pet crow learned how to let a dog out of its kennel by pulling Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the pin on the door. When the dog escaped, the bird went into Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the kennel and ate its food.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 22.What is the main topic of the passage?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) The ways in which crows differ from other common birds.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) The myths and legends about crows.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) The characteristics that make crows difficult to study. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) The existing methods for investigating crow behavior.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 23.According to the first paragraph, what evidence is there that crows have interested people for a long time?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) The large number of stories about crows.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) The frequency with which crows are sighted.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) The amount of research that has been conducted on crows.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) The ease with which crows are identified.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 24.The word "comparably" in line 7 is closest in meaning toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) interestinglyTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) similarlyTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) otherwiseTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) sometimesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 25.In line 9, the author mentions the endangered California condor as an example of a species that isTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) smaller than the crowTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) easily identifiableTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) featured in legendsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) very rareTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 26.The word "them" in line 10 refers toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) crowsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) subjectsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) intentionsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) researchersTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 27.According to the second paragraph, crows are poor subjects for field research for all of the following reasons EXCEPTTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) They can successfully avoid observers.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) They are hard to distinguish from one another.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) They can be quite aggressive.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) They are difficult to catch.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 28.In the second paragraph, the author implies that using radio transmitters would allow a researcher who studies crow toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) identify individual crowsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) follow flocks of crows over long distancesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) record the times when crows are most activeTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) help crows that become sick or injuredTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 29.According to the third paragraph, which of the following is true about crows?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) They seldom live in any one place for very long.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) They thrive in a wide variety of environments.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) They have marked preferences for certain kinds of foods.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) They use up the resources in one area before moving to another.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 30.In line 26, the word "inclinations" is closest in meaning toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) tricksTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) opportunitiesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) preferencesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) experiencesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 31.In lines 26-29, the author mentions a pet crow to illustrate which of the following?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) The clever ways that crows solve problems.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) The differences between pet crows and wild crows.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) The ease with which crows can be tamed.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) The affection that crows show to other creaturesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 32.Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Crows have relatively long lives.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Crows have keen vision.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) Crows are usually solitary.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) Crows are very intelligent.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Questions 33-41Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot In the early days of the United States, postal charges Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot were paid by the recipient and Charges varied with the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot distance carried. In 1825, the United States Congress permitted Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot local postmasters to give letters to mail carriers for home Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot delivery, but these carriers received no government salary and their Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot entire compensation depended on what they were paid by the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot recipients of individual letters.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot In 1847 the United States Post Office Department Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot adopted the idea of a postage stamp, which of course simplified Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the payment for postal service but caused grumbling by those Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot who did not like to prepay. Besides, the stamp covered only Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot delivery to the post office and did not include carrying it to a Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot private address. In Philadelphia, for example, with a population Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot of 150,000, people still had to go to the post office to get Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot their mail. The confusion and congestion of individual citizens Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot looking for their letters was itself enough to discourage use of Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the mail. It is no wonder that, during the years of these Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot cumbersome arrangements, private letter-carrying and express Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot businesses developed. Although their activities were only Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot semilegal, they thrived, and actually advertised that between Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Boston and Philadelphia they were a half-day speedier than the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot government mail. The government postal service lost volume Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot to private competition and was not able to handle efficiently Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot even the business it had. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Finally, in 1863, Congress provided that the mail carriers Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot who delivered the mail from the post offices to private addresses Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot should receive a government salary, and that there should Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot be no extra charge for that delivery. But this delivery service Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot was at first confined to cities, and free home delivery became a Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot mark of urbanism. As late as 1887, a town had to have 10,000 Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot people to be eligible for free home delivery. In 1890, of Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the 75 million people in the United States, fewer than 20 Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot million had mail delivered free to their doors. The rest, nearly Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot three-quarters of the population, still received no mail unless Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot they went to their post office.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 33.What does the passage mainly discuss?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) The increased use of private mail services.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) The development of a government postal system.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) A comparison of urban and postal services.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) The history of postage stamps.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 34.The word "varied" in line 2 could best be replaced by Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) increasedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) differedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) returnedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) startedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 35.Which of the following was seen as a disadvantage of the postage stamp?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) It had to be purchased by the sender in advance.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) It increased the cost of mail delivery.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) It was difficult to affix to letters.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) It was easy to counterfeit.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 36.Why does the author mention the city of Philadephia in line 13?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) It was the site of the first post office in the United States.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Its postal service was inadequate for its population.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) It was the largest city in the United States in 1847.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) It was commemorated by the first United States postage stamp.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 37.The word "cumbersome" in line 17 is closest in meaning toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) burdensomeTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) handsomeTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) loathsomeTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) quarrelsomeTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 38.The word "they" in line 20 refers toTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Boston and PhiladephiaTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) businessesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) arrangementsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) lettersTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 39.The private postal services of the nineteenth century claimed that they could do which of the following better than the government?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Deliver a higher volume of mail.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Deliver mail more cheaply.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) Deliver mail faster.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) Deliver mail to rural areas.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 40.In 1863 the United States government began providing which of the following to mail carriers?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) A salaryTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) HousingTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) TransportationTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) Free postage stampsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 41.The word "confined" in line 29 is closest in meaning to Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) grantedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) scheduledTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) limitedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) recommendedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Questions 42-50Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Archaeology has long been an accepted tool for studying Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot prehistoric cultures. Relatively recently the same techniques Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot have been systematically applied to studies of the more Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot immediate past. This has been called "historical archaeology," a Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot term that is used in the United States to refer to any Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot archaeological investigation into North American sites that postdate Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot the arrival of Europeans.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Back in the 1930's and 1940's, when building restoration Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot was popular, historical archaeology was primarily a tool of Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot architectural reconstruction. The role of archaeologists was to Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot find the foundations of historic buildings and then take a back Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot seat to architects. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot The mania for reconstruction had largely subsided by the Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 1950's and 1960's. Most people entering historical archaeology Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot during this period came out of university anthropology de-Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot partments., where they had studied prehistoric cultures. They Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot were, by training, social scientists, not historians, and their Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot work tended to reflect this bias. The questions they framed Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot and the techniques they used were designed to help them Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot understand, as scientists, how people behaved. But because they Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot were treading on historical ground for which there was often Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot extensive written do cumentation and because their own knowledge Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot of these periods was usually limited, their contributions Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot to American history remained circumscribed. Their reports, Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot highly technical and sometimes poorly written, went unread. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot More recently, professional archaeologists have taken Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot over. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot history, providing fresh insights into the daily lives of ordinary Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot people whose existences might not otherwise be so well Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot documented. This newer emphasis on archaeology as social history Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot has shown great promise, and indeed work done in this area Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot has lead to a reinterpretation of the United States past. Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot In Kingston, New York, for example, evidence has Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot uncovered that indicates that English goods were being Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot smuggled into that city at a time when the Dutch supposedly Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot controlled trading in the area. And in Sacramento an Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot excavation at site of a fashionable nineteenth-century hotel Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot revealed that garbage had been stashed in the building's base-Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot ment despite sanitation laws to the contrary.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 42.What does the passage mainly discuss?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Why historical archaeology was first developed.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) How the methods and purpose of historical archaeology have changed.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) The contributions architects make to historical archaeology.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) The attitude of professional archaeologists toward historical archaeology.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 43.According to the first paragraph, what is a relatively new focus in archaeology?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Investigating the recent past.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) Studying prehistoric cultures.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) Excavating ancient sites in what is now the United States.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) Comparing finding made in North America and Europe.Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 44.According to the passage, when had historical archaeologists been trained as anthropologist?Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) Prior to the 1930'sTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) During the 1930's and 1940'sTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) During the 1950's and 1960'sTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) After the 1960'sTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot45.The word "framed" in line 18 is closest in meaning to Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) understoodTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) readTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) avoidedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) posedTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 46.In the third paragraph, the author implies that the techniques of history and the techniques of social science areTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) quite different from each otherTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) equally useful in studying prehistoric culturesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) usually taught to students of archaeologyTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) both based on similar principlesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot 47.The phrase "their contributions" in line 23 refers to the contributions ofTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (A) social scientistsTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (B) prehistoric culturesTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (C) historiansTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot (D) documentation and knowledgeTºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot Tºà¸*áÖ©forum.pre-mbaclub.com@ÂÖtÖ±&dot
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