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踏雪无痕
2008-08-05 15:26
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1995年10月托福阅读全真试题
BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/ÌìQuestions 1-13BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Atmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 10 meters high. But plants can move water much higher, the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì sequoia tree can pump water to its very top, more than 100 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì meters above the ground. Until the end of the nineteenth century,BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the movement of water in trees and other tall plants BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì was a mystery. Some botanists hypothesized that the living BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì cells of plants acted as pumps, But many experiments demonstrated BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì can still move water to appreciable heights. Other explanations BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì for the movement of water in plants have been based on root BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the plant. But root pressure is not nearly great enough to push BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì water to the tops of tall trees. Furthermore, the conifers, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì which are among the tallest trees, have unusually low root BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì pressures. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì If water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, and if it BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì is not pushed to the top of a tall tree, then we may ask, How BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì does it get there? According to the currently accepted cohesionBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì -tension theory, water is pulled there. The pull on a rising BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì column of water in a plant results from the evaporation of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì water at the top of the plant. As water is lost from the surface of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the leaves, a negative pressure, or tension, is created. The BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì evaporated water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì in unbroken columns that extend from the top of a plant to its BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì unbroken columns of water. When water is confined in tubes of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì very small bore, the forces of cohesion (the attraction between BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì water molecules) are so great that the strength of a column BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì of water compares with the strength of a steel wire of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the same diameter. This cohesive strength permits columns of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì water to be pulled to great heights without being broken. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 1. How many theories does the author mention? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) One BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Two BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Three BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Four BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 2. The passage answers which of the following questions? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) What is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) When do dead cells harm plant growth? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) How does water get to the tops of trees? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Why is root pressure weak? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 3. The word "demonstrated" in line 7 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) ignored BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) showed BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) disguised BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) distinguished BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 4. What do the experiments mentioned in lines 7-9 prove? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Plant stems die when deprived of water BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Cells in plant stems do not pump water BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Plants cannot move water to high altitudes BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Plant cells regulate pressure within stems BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 5.How do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Some very tall trees have weak root pressure. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Root pressures decrease in winter. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Plants can live after their roots die. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Water in a plant's roots is not connected to water in its stem. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 6. Which of the following statements does the passage support? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 7. The word "it" in line 16 refers to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) top BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) tree BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) water BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) cohesion-tension theory. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 8. The word "there" in line 18 refers to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) treetops BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) roots BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) water columns BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) tubes BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 9. What causes the tension that draws water up a plant? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Humidity BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Plant growth BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Root pressure BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Evaporation BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 10. The word "extend" in line 24 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) stretch BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) branch BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) increase BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) rotate BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 11. According to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Root pressure moves the water very rapidly. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) The attraction between water molecules in strong. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) The living cells of plants push the water molecules together. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Atmospheric pressure supports the columns. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 12.Why does the author mention steel wire in line 30? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) To illustrate another means of pulling water BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) To demonstrate why wood is a good building material BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) To indicate the size of a column of water BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) To emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 13.Where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Lines3-4 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Lines5-7 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Lines10-11 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Lines12-13 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Question 14-22BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre-BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì modern era. In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì scarcely two miles from the old business district; by the turn of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì could afford it could live far removed from the old city center BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì The new accessibility of land around the periphery of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì years – lots that could have housed five to six million people. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Of course, many were never occupied; there was always BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì population growth. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Types of mass transportation. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Instability of urban life. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) How supply and demand determine land use. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) growth in city area BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) separation of commercial and residential districts. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Changes in life in the inner city. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Increasing standards of living. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 16. The word "vast" in line 5 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) large BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) basic BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) new BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) urban BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 17. The word "sparked" in line 15 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) brought about BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) surrounded BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) sent out BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) followed BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) To show that mass transit changed many cities. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) To contrast their rates of growth BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 19. The word "potential" in line 23 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) certain BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) popular BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) improved BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) possible BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 20. The word "many" in line 25 refers to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) people BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) lots BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) years BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) developers BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) It was expensive. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) It happened too slowly. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) It was unplanned. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) It created a demand for public transportation. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) that is large BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) that is used as a model for land development BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) where land development exceeded population growth BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) with an excellent mass transportation system.BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/ÌìQuestion 23-33 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrence BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì ichthyosaur fossils. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical develop-BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì ment; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì between 20 and 30 inches long. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Why are there so many pregnant females and young at BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì preservation is almost unmatched, and quarry operations haveBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of theBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì question of how there came to be such a concentration of BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì of giving birth. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 23. The passage supports which of the following conclusions? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Some species of ichthyosaurs decayed more rapidly than other species. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Ichthyosaur newborns are smaller than other newborn marine reptiles. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Ichthyosaurs were more advanced than terrestrial creatures. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Ichthyosaurs may have gathered at Holzmaden to give birth. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 24. The word "they" in line 4 refers to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) skeletons BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) scavengers BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) creatures BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) environments BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 25. All of the following are mentioned as factors that encourage fossilization EXCEPT the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) speed of burial BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) conditions of the water BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) rate at which soft tissues decay BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) cause of death of the animal. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 26. Which of the following is true of the fossil deposits discussed in the passage? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) They include examples of newly discovered species. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) They contain large numbers of well-preserved specimens BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) They are older than fossils found in other places BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) They have been analyzed more carefully than other fossils. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 27. The word "outstanding" in line 18 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) extensive BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) surprising BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) vertical BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) excellent BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 28. The word "site" in line 22 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) example BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) location BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) development BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) characteristic BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 29. Why does the author mention the specimen preserved in the birth canal (line 26)? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) To illustrate that the embryo fossils are quite advanced in their development BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) To explain why the fossils are well preserved BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) To indicate how the ichthyosaurs died BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) To prove that ichthyosaurs are marine animals. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 30. The word "they" in line 30 refers to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) pregnant females and young BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) quarry operations BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) the value of the fossils BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) these factors BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 31.The phrase "account for" in line 33 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) record BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) describe BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) equal BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) explain BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 32.Which of the following best expresses the relationship between the first and second paragraphs? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) The first paragraph describes a place while the second paragraph describes a field of study. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) The first paragraph defines the terms that are used in the second paragraph. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) The second paragraph describes a specific instance of the general topic discussed in the first paragraph. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) The second paragraph presents information that contrasts with the information given in the first paragraph. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 33.Where in the passage does the author mentions the variety of fossils found at Holzmaden? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Line 1 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Lines 3-5 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Lines 12-13 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Lines 19-21 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Questions 34-41BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Jefferson, was the most important official examination of the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì President's secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì instructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì streams of it as, by its course and communication with the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì waters of the Pacific Ocean …may offer her most direct and BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì practicable water communication across the continent, for the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the younger BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì brother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to share BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the command of the exploring party. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Their BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, just BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì across the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group wintered BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Dakota. Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where they BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì stayed until the following spring. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì including the knowledge that the continent was wider than BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via theBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì Indians of the West – though not immediately published – BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì were made available to scientists. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 34.With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) The river systems of portions of North America. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Certain geological features to the North American continent. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) An exploratory trip sponsored by the United States government. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) The discovery of natural resources in the United States. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 35.According to the passage, the primary purpose of finding a water route across the continent was to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) gain easy access to the gold and other riches of the Northwest BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) become acquainted with the inhabitants of the West. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) investigate the possibility of improved farmland in the West. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) facilitate the movement of commerce across the continent BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 36.The river Meriwether Lewis was instructed to explore was the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Wood BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Missouri BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Columbia BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Mississippi BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 37.According to the passage, the explorers spent their first winter in what would become BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) North Dakota BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Missouri BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Montana BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Idaho BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 38.The author states that Lewis and Clark studied all of the following characteristics of the explored territories EXCEPT BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) mineral deposits BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) the weather BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) animal life BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) native vegetation BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 39.The phrase "Picking up" in line 23 could best be replaced by which of the following? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Searching for BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Following BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Learning about BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Lifting BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 40.It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the Lewis and Clark expedition the size of the continent had been BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) of little interest BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) underestimated BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) known to native inhabitants of the West BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) unpublished but known to most scientists BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 41.Wherer in the passage does the author refer to the explorers' failure to find an easy passageway to the western part of the continent? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Lines1-3 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Lines7-8 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Lines16-18 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Lines21-24BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/ÌìQuestions 42-50 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì For a century and a half the piano has been one of the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì most popular solo instruments for Western music. Unlike BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì string and wind instrument, the piano is completely self-BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì sufficient, as it is able to play both the melody and its BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì accompanying harmony at the same time. For this reason, it BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì became the favorite household instrument of the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì nineteenth century. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì board instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries – the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic and BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì never powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympaBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì -thetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichordBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì with its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrumentBxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì for concert use but the character of the tone could not be BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì varied save by mechanical or structural devices.BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì by a harpsichord maker in Italy (though musicologists point BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì out several previous instances of the instrument). This instrument BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì was called a piano eforte(soft and loud), to indicate its BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì in the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì continuing well into the nineteenth century, including BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì a sharp, percussive brilliance. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 42. What does the passage mainly discuss? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) The historical development of the piano BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) The quality of tone produced by various keyboard instruments BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) The uses of keyboard instruments in various types of compositions BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) The popularity of the piano with composers BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 43. Which of the following instruments was widely used before the seventeenth century? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) The harpsichord BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) The spinet BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) The clavichord BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) The organ BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 44. The words "a supremacy" in line 12 are closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) a suggestion BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) an improvement BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) a dominance BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) a development BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 45. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) supported BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) promoted BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) replaced BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) dominated BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 46. The word "it" in line 15 refers to the BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) variety BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) music BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) harpsichord BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) clavichord BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 47. According to the passage, what deficiency did the harpsichord have? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) It was fragile BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) It lacked variety in tone. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) It sounded metallic. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) It could not produce a strong sound. BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 48. Where in the passage does the author provide a translation? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) Lines 4-5 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) Lines 13-15 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) Lines 18-19 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) Lines 20-25 BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì49. According to the information in the third paragraph, which of the following improvements made it possible to lengthen the tone produced by the piano? BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) The introduction of pedals BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) The use of heavy wires BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) The use of felt-padded hammerheads BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) The metal frame construction BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì 50. The word "myriad" in line 32 is closest in meaning to BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (A) noticeable BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (B) many BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (C) loud BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì (D) unusual BxP^^¼8@´cforum.liuxuehome.com$WȦé/Ìì
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