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2004年5月 TOEFL试题

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Medal No.2

Medal No.12

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2004年5月 TOEFL试题

Section One: Listening Comprehension：
1. A.The woman and the man have plans to eat out together.
B.The woman would prefer to stay home this evening.
C.The man has changed his mind about the new restaurant.
D.The man is sorry he cannot join the woman for dinner.

2. A. A plane trip.
B. A rental car.
C. A hotel room.
D. Concert tickets.

3.
A.The woman did not remember her appointment.
B.The woman needs to get a calendar.
C. The appointment must be changed to a different day.
D. The calendar shows the wrong month.

4.
A. The woman should continue driving.
B. They will arrive late for dinner.
C. He forgot to make reservations.
D. He is not sure what is wrong with the car.

5. A. She did not realize that their team had won.
B. Their team nearly lost the game.
C. She called to find out the score of the game.
D. Their team usually wins its games.

6.A. Join him and Mary at the movie.
B. Ask Mary what she is doing tonight.
C. Invite a group of friends to go to the movie.
D. Tell Mary about the movie.

7. A. Professor Campbell changed the conference time.
B. He is planning to stay until the conference is finished.
C. He will not attend the concert.
D. He will wait for the woman.

8. A. She recently purchased laundry detergent.
B. She will buy some detergent for the man.
C. The Laundromat is around the corner.
D. The man can buy detergent at the store.

9.A. It is next to the Holiday Motel.
B. It is nicer than the Holiday Motel.
C. It is very inexpensive.
D. It is a little farther than the Holiday Motel.

10. A. She does not believe it will snow.
B. Snow in October is unusual.
C. Canadian winters are rather long.
D. Winter is her favorite season.

11. A. He lost his wallet on a trip to Germany.
B. His private lessons did not help him.
C. His German tutor charges a reasonable fee.
D. He plans to continue taking lessons.

12. A. The committee has just begun to write the report.
B. The report will be short.
C. The committee members have just become acquainted.
D. The report is finished except for the introduction.

13. A. They should play another time.
B. They will probably have to play in the gym.
C. He prefers to play in the gym
D. It is not supposed to rain tomorrow.

14. A. Type the letter as it is.
B. Change some wording in his letter.
C. Send the letter without typing it.
D. Check to make sure his facts are correct.

15. A. The woman should call the professor the next day.
B. He is canceling the choir rehearsal because of illness.
C. The woman will feel better in a day or two.
D. He will turn up the heat in the choir room.

16. A. They should take another route to the bank.
B. They turned onto the wrong road.
C. The man will get to the bank before it closes.
D. The bank will open soon.

17. A. Go out to eat when the museum closes.
B. Check that the museum cafeteria is open.
C. Leave the museum temporarily
D. Meet each other later in the day.

18. A. The woman should have thrown out the newspapers herself.
B. He does not know where her paper is.
C. The woman's paper is in the trash.
D. He does not have time to help her look for her paper.

19. A. The woman can make her call tomorrow.
B. There is a problem with the woman's telephone.
C. The airline's offices are closed.
D. He does not know what the problem could be.

20. A. He is very hungry.
B. He has made plans to eat with someone else.
C. He did not like what he ate for lunch.
D. He will go with the woman.

21. A. She is proud of the man.
B. She does not want to see the man's test.
C. She also got a good grade.
D. She has not taken the test yet.

22. A. He will tell the woman what to do.
B. The meeting will have to be postponed.
C. He will get the job done if he gets some instruction.
D. He will need to throw away most of the papers.

23. A. Find another sociology course.
B. Look for a job in the sociology department.
C. Ask someone to take notes for her on Friday.
D. Change her work schedule.

24. A. She can help the man until lunchtime.
B. She cannot read the applications until after her class.
C. She has a class after lunch.
D. She also plans to apply to graduate school.
25. A. Mary will trim her hedge.
B. Phil has a better chance of winning.
C. Mary will win the election.
D. Phil will sit on the ledge.

26. A. He thinks the woman's computer is broken.
B. He worked on the woman's computer for too long.
C. He sometimes gets headaches after doing computer work.
D. He needs to take a longer break.

27. A. The library closed earlier than she expected.
B. She could not find a birthday present.
C. She picked Jack up at the golf course.
D. The bookstore did not have what she was looking for.

28. A. The equipment has already been locked up.
B. The woman should be more careful with the equipment.
C. He knows how to operate the equipment.
D. He will put the equipment away.

29. A. The man did not give the woman the notes she needed.
B. The man's notes were hard to understand.
C. The woman wants to borrow the man's sociology notes.
D. The woman has to organize her psychology notes.

30. A. The man will find a job if he continues to look.
B. The man should look for a job in a different field.
C. The man can get a job where the woman works.
D. The man should keep his current job.

31. A. She will be able to join the economics seminar.
B. She has a new printer for her computer.
C. She finished paying back her loan.
D. She got an A on her term paper.

32. A. The importance of paying back loans promptly.
B. A way to help people improve their economic conditions.
C. Using computers to increase business efficiency.
D. The expansion of international business.

33. A. It is the topic of his term paper.
B. He would like to find a job there.
C. His economics professor did research work there.
D. Microcredit programs have been very successful there.

34. A. Cancel her credit card.
B. Sign up for the economics seminar.
C. Do research on banks in Asia.
D. Type the man's term paper.

35. A. The life of a well-known Canadian architect.
B. The architectural design of a new museum.
C. The variety of museums in Washington, D.C.
D. The changing function of the modern museum.

36. A. Both were designed by the same architect.
B. Both are located in Washington, D.C.
C. Both feature similar exhibits.
D. Both were built around a central square.

37. A. A classical temple.
B. A well-known museum.
C. A modern office building.
D. A natural landscape.

38. A. Traditional views on the purpose of a museum.
B. Traditional values of Native Americans.
C. Traditional notions of respect for elected leaders.
D. Traditional forms of classical architecture.

39. A. They are examples of the usual sequence of observation and explanation.
B. They provide evidence of inaccurate scientific observation.
C. Their discovery was similar to that of the neutrino.
D. They were subjects of 1995 experiments at Los Alamos.

40. A. Its mass had previously been measured.
B. Its existence had been reported by Los Alamos National Laboratory.
C. Scientists were looking for a particle with no mass.
D. Scientists were unable to balance equations of energy without it.

41. A. That it carries a large amount of energy.
B. That it is a type of electron.
C. That it is smaller in size than previously thought.
D. That it has a tiny amount of mass.

42. A. The clearing of New England forests.
B. The role of New England trees in British shipbuilding.
C. The development of the shipbuilding industry in New England.
D. The role of the British surveyor general in colonizing New England.

43. A. Law.
B. Mathematics.
C. History.
D. Engineering.

44. A. Sugar maple.
B. Oak.
C. White pine.
D. Birch.

45. A. Its width.
B. Its height.
C. Its straightness.
D. Its location.

46. A. M
B. %
C. K
D. ->

47. A. How they swim long distances.
B. How they got their name.
C. How they hunt.
D. How they solve problems.

48. A. By changing its appearance.
B. By imitating signals that the other spiders send.
C. By spinning a large web.
D. By imitating insects caught in a web.

49. A. Avoid attacks by other spiders.
B. Cross some water.
C. Jump to the edge of the tray.
D. Spin a long thread.

50. A. It would keep trying to reach the rock the same way.
B. It would try to reach the rock a different way.
C. The scientists would move the spider to the rock.
D. The scientists would place anotherspider in the tray.

Section Two: Structure and Written Expression
1.In the late 1970’s and early 1980’s, the United States developed the reusable space shuttle ________to space cheaper and easier.
A. to make access
B and making access
C. which made accessible
D. and made accessible.

2. Genetically, the chimpanzee is more similar to humans _______.
A.
are than any other animal
B.
than is any other animal
C.
any other animal is
D.
and any other animal is

3._______more than 65,000 described species of protozoa, of which more than half are fossils.
A.
Being that there are
B.
There being
C.
Are there
D.
There are

4.The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 ___ nearly unanimously through the United States Congress.
A.
passed
B.
in passage
C.
having passed
D.
passing

5.Modern skyscrapers have a steel skeleton of beams and columns ___a three-dimensional grid.
A.
forms
B.
from which forming
C.
and forming
D.
that forms

6.The average level of United States prices grew very little from 1953 until the mid-1960’s when ____________.
A.
did inflation begin
B.
inflation began
C.
the beginning of inflation
D.
did the beginning of inflation

7.The basis premise behind all agricultural production is _____available the riches of the soil for human consumption.
A.
to be made
B.
the making
C.
making is
D.
to make

8.___to the united states House of Representatives in 1791, Nathaniel Macon remained in office until 1815.
A.
Election
B.
Why he was elected
C.
Elected
D.
Who was elected

9.________ of classical ballet in the united states began around 1830.
A.
To teach
B.
Is teaching
C.
It was taught
D.
The teaching

10.The universe is estimated ___between 10 billion and 20 billion years old.
A.
being
B.
to be
C.
which is
D.
is.

11. A situation in which an economic market is dominated by a ____ is known as a monopoly.
A.
single of a product seller
B.
product single of a seller
C.
seller of a product single
D.
single seller of a product

12.____ freshwater species of fish build nests of sticks, stones, or scooped-out sand..
A.
As the many
B.
Of the many
C.
Many
D.
Many of them are

13.Newspaper publishers in the united states have estimated ___________reads a newspaper every day.
A.
nearly 80 percent of the adu
population who
B.
it is nearly 80 percent of the adult population
C.
that nearly 80 percent of the adult population who
D.
that nearly 80 percent of the adult population

14. The foundation of all other branches of mathematics is arithmetic, _ science of calculating with numbers.
A.
is the
B.
the
C.
which the
D.
because the

15.Nylon was ___the human-made fibers.
A.
the first of which
B.
what the first of
C.
it the first of
D.
the first of
16.The male cicada sound is made by specialized structures on the abdomen and which apparently severs to attract females.

17.Televisions are now an everyday feature of most households in the United States, and television viewing is the number one activity leisure.

18.Bacteria are one of the most abundant life forms on Earth, growing on and inside another living things, in every type of environment.

19.Fluorine is a greenish gas too active that even water and glass burn in it.

20.In general, novels are thought of extended works of prose fiction depicting the inner and outer lives of their characters.

21.Metabolism is the inclusive term for the chemical reactions by which the cells of an organism transforms energy, maintain their identity, and reproduce.

22.Although most petroleum is produced from underground reservoirs, petroleum occurs in a varieties of forms at the surface.

23.A musical organ can have pipes of two kinds: flue pipes that work like a flute and reed
pipes that operate on same principle as a clarinet.

24.The Land Ordinance of 1784 divided the western lands belonging to the United States into territories, each to be govern temporarily by its settlers.

25.If there is too much pituitary hormone of too few insulin, the amount of sugar in the blood rises abnormally, producing a condition called hyperglycemia.

26.The care of children during their years of relative helplessness appears to have being the chief incentive for the evolution of family structures.

27.It was not until the 1920’s that pollution came to be viewed by many as a threat to the health of live on Earth.

28.Platelets are tiny blood cells that help transport hormones and other chemicals throughout the body, and it play a key role in clotting blood.

29. Until the twentieth century, pendulum clocks were calibrated against the rotation of earth by taking astronomically measurements.

30.The rapid growth of the world’s population over the past 100 years have led
to a great increase in the acreage of land under cultivation.

31.In the eighteenth century, the Pawnees, descendants of the Nebraska culture, lived in
villages sizeable on the Loup and Platte rivers in central Nebraska.

32.The attraction of opposite charges is one of the force that keep electrons in orbit around of nucleus of an atom.

33.Of every the major traditions of wood carving, the one that is closest in structure to the tree is the crest pole made by the Native Americans of the Northwest coast.

34.Many of the fine-grained varieties of sedimentary rocks known as shales yield oil

when distilled by hot.

35.In 1820 there were only 65 daily newspapers in the united states, which total daily circulation of perhaps 100,000.

36.The Milky Way galaxy includes the Sun, its planets, and rest of the solar system, along with billions of stars and other objects.

37.Some of sharpshooter Annie Oakley’s exploits with a gun are almost unbelievable when
it comes to accuracy, speed of firing ,and endure.

38.Evidence from ancient fossils indicates the scorpion may had been among the first land animals.

39.Jetties, piers designed to aid in marine navigation, are constructed primary of wood, stone, concrete, or combinations of these materials.

40.The Barnes Foundation in Merion, Pennsylvania, was chartered in 1922 to promotion art education by providing art classes and by establishing a publishing program.

Section Three: Reading Comprehension
Question 1-10
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or placental mammals -- have in common.

But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.

For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are removed, the young generally do no survive.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The care that various animals give to their offspring.
B. The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.
C. The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.
D. The importance among young
mammals of becoming independent.

2. The author lists various animals in line 5 to
A. contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals
B. describe the process by which mammals came to be defined
C. emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own young
D. explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective

3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A. sit on
B. move
C. notice
D. care for

4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?
A. It is unknown among fish.
B. It is unrelated to the size of the young.
C. It is dangerous for the parents.
D. It is most common among mammals.

5. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
A. supplying
B. preparing
C. building
D. expanding

6. According to the passage, how do some
insects make sure their young have food?
A. By storing food near their young.
B. By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.
C. By searching for food some distance from their nest.
D. By gathering food from a nearby water source.

7. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
A. opportunity
B. advantage
C. purpose
D. rest

8. The word "it" in line 20 refers to
A. Feeding
B. moment
C. young animal
D. size

9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when
A. their parents are away searching for food
B. their parents have many young to feed
C. they are only a few days old
D. they first become independent

10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
A. raised
B. protected
C. hatched
D. valued
Question 11-21:
Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.

The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to
textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process; first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away, leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.

Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press, with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.

Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear. Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost, to a much broader public than before.
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The origins of textile decoration
B. The characteristics of good-quality prints
C. Two types of printmaking
D. Types of paper used in printmaking

12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
A. principal
B. complex
C. general
D. recent

13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe
A. the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century
B. the use of woodcuts in the textile industry
C. the process involved in creating a woodcut
D. the introduction of woodcuts to Europe

14. The word "incised" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
A. burned
B. cut
C. framed
D. baked

15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/
A. "patterns"(line 5)
B. "grain"(line 8)
C. "burin"(line 16)
D. "grooves"(line 17)

16. The word "distinctive" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A. unique
B. accurate
C. irregular
D. similar

17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it
A. developed from the art of the goldsmiths
B. requires that the paper be cut with a burin
C. originated in the fifteenth century
D. involves carving into a metal plate

18. The word "yield" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
A. imitate
B. produce
C. revise
D. contrast

19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?
A. Their designs are slightly raised.
B. They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.
C. They were first used in Europe.
D. They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.

20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the sixteenth century?
A. Prints could be made at low cost.
B. The quality of paper and ink had improved.
C. Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.
D. Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.

21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they
A. can be reproduced on materials other than paper
B. are created from a reversed image
C. show variations between light and dark shades
D. require a printing press

Questions 22-31:
The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however, they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.

About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century. At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn, which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became closely associated with the Sun --- the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were descendants of the great sun god.

Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns. Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites, and at times they were used as burial grounds.

22. What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The development of agriculture
B. The locations of towns and villages
C. The early people and cultures of the United States
D. The construction of burial mounds

23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?
A. The development of trade in North America
B. The establishment of permanent settlements
C. Conflicts with other Native American groups over land
D. A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.

24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell"(line 7) designate?
A. The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
B. The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
C. Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.
D. Two important trade routes in eastern North America

25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
A. producing
B. exchanging
C. transporting
D. loading

26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
A. conquered
B. preceded
C. replaced
D. imitated

27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?
A. About A.D. 400
B. Between A.D. 400 AND A.D. 700
C. About A.D. 1200
D. In the sixteenth century

28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell predecessors?
A. The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.
B. The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.
C. The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.
D. The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.

29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"(line 22)?
A. To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.
B. To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.
C. To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.
D. To provide an example of their religious rituals.

30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
A. passed on
B. experienced at
C. interested in
D. assigned to

31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the following purposes EXCEPT
A. religious ceremonies
B. meeting places for the entire community
C. sites for commerce
D. burial sites
Question 32-40:
Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)

The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.

Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.
32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the
A. popularity of turnpikes
B. financing of new roads
C. development of the interior
D. laws governing road use

33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
A. unsafe
B. unknown
C. inexpensive
D. undeveloped

34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with
A. other inland communities
B. towns in other states
C. river towns or seaports
D. construction sites

35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning to
A. in need of
B. in place of
C. at the start of
D. with the purpose of

36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?
A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.
B. The states were not as well equipped as private companies.
C. Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.
D. Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.
37. The word "it" in line 11 refers to
A. legislature
B. company
C. authority
D. payment

38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
A. investment
B. suggestion
C. increasing
D. copying

39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state that
A. built roads without tollgates
B. built roads with government money
C. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one year
D. introduced new law restricting road use

40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature of wagons that was
A. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehicles
B. first found in Germany
C. effective on roads with uneven surfaces
D. responsible for frequent damage to freight
Question 41- 50:
In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.

Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals(the same as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.

The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore, near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.
41. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The destructive effects of salt on rocks.
B. The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.
C. The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.
D. The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.

42. The word "it" in line 9 refers to
A. salty water
B. groundwater table
C. capillary action
D. sediment

43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
A. put
B. reduce
C. replace
D. control

44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with
growing salt crystals?
A. They both force hard surfaces to crack.
B. They both grow as long as water is available.
C. They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.
D. They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.
45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite
crystals...by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration"
in order to
A. present an alternative theory about crystal growth
B. explain how some rocks are not affected by salt
C. simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedging
D. introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks

46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
A. large
B. strong
C. flexible
D. pressured

47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
A. arranged
B. dissolved
C. broken apart
D. gathered together

48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
A. most recent
B. most common
C. least available
D. least damaging

49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the
effects of salts on rocks?
A. Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.
B. Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.
C. A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.
D. Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley,

50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is common?
A. They are protected from weathering.
B. They do not allow capillary action of water.
C. They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.
D. They contain more carbonates than sulfates.
TWE

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should give the same amount of money to their students' sports activities as they give to their university libraries. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

参考答案:
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